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- Cook, Michael J., et al.
(författare)
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Frailty and bone health in European men
- 2017
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Ingår i: Age and Ageing. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0002-0729 .- 1468-2834. ; 46:4, s. 635-641
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: frailty is associated with an increased risk of fragility fractures. Less is known, however, about the association between frailty and bone health.Methods: men aged 40-79 years were recruited from population registers in eight European centres for participation in the European Male Aging Study. Subjects completed a comprehensive assessment which included quantitative ultrasound (QUS) scan of the heel (Hologic-SAHARA) and in two centres, dual-energy bone densitometry (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, DXA). Frailty was defined based on an adaptation of Fried's phenotype criteria and a frailty index (FI) was constructed. The association between frailty and the QUS and DXA parameters was determined using linear regression, with adjustments for age, body mass index and centre.Results: in total, 3,231 subjects contributed data to the analysis. Using the Fried categorisation of frailty, pre-frail and frail men had significantly lower speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) compared to robust men (P< 0.05). Similar results were seen using the FI after categorisation into 'high', 'medium' and 'low' levels of frailty. Using the Fried categorisation, frail men had lower femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) compared to robust men (P < 0.05), but not lower lumbar spine BMD. Using the FI categorisation, a 'high' level of frailty (FI > 0.35) was associated with lower lumbar spine BMD (P < 0.05) when compared to those with low (FI < 0.2), but not lower femoral neck BMD. When analysed as a continuous variable, higher FI was linked with lower SOS, BUA and QUI (P < 0.05).Conclusions: optimisation of bone health as well as prevention of falls should be considered as strategies to reduce fractures in frail older people.
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- Gielen, Alexander W., et al.
(författare)
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Expression of T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecules-1 and -3 (TIM-1 and -3) in the rat nervous and immune systems
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Neuroimmunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-5728 .- 1872-8421. ; 164:1, s. 93-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Expression of T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecules (TIMs) can be used as T helper (Th) differentiation markers in the human and mouse. We examined the expression of TIM-1 and -3 mRNAs in rat MBP(63-88)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). TIM-3 expression was upregulated in the spinal cord during EAE and following antigen restimulation of the encephalitogenic TCRBV8S2+ population. Interestingly, TIM-3 expression was also detected by in situ hybridization in resident cells of the nervous system. TIM-1 was expressed in B cells but not in resident CNS cells and TIM-1 mRNA levels in spinal cord were unchanged throughout the course of EAE. These results support the notion that TIM-3 can also be used as a Th1 differentiation marker in the rat. However, expression of TIM-1 and -3 is not restricted solely to T cells and the presence of TIM-3 in resident CNS cells may indicate a role for this molecule in the interaction between the nervous and immune systems.
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