| 1. |
- Bazilian, Morgan, et al.
(författare)
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Considering the energy, water and food nexus : Towards an integrated modelling approach
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 39:12, s. 7896-7906
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The areas of energy, water and food policy have numerous interwoven concerns ranging from ensuring access to services, to environmental impacts to price volatility. These issues manifest in very different ways in each of the three "spheres", but often the impacts are closely related. Identifying these interrelationships a priori is of great importance to help target synergies and avoid potential tensions. Systems thinking is required to address such a wide swath of possible topics. This paper briefly describes some of the linkages at a high-level of aggregation - primarily from a developing country perspective - and via case studies, to arrive at some promising directions for addressing the nexus. To that end, we also present the attributes of a modelling framework that specifically addresses the nexus, and can thus serve to inform more effective national policies and regulations. While environmental issues are normally the 'cohesive principle' from which the three areas are considered jointly, the enormous inequalities arising from a lack of access suggest that economic and security-related issues may be stronger motivators of change. Finally, consideration of the complex interactions will require new institutional capacity both in industrialised and developing countries.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Grahn, Maria, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Biomass for heat or as transportation fuel? - a comparison between two model based studies
- 2007
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Ingår i: Biomass & Bioenergy. ; 31, s. 747-758
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In two different energy economy models of the global energy system, the cost-effective use of biomass under a stringent carbon constraint has been analyzed. Gielen et al. conclude that it is cost-effective to use biofuels for transportation, whereas Azar et al. find that it is more cost-effective to use most of the biomass to generate heat and process heat, despite the fact that assumptions about the cost of biofuels production is similar in the models. In this study, we compare the two models with the purpose of finding an explanation for these different results. It was found that both models suggest that biomass is most cost-effectively used for heat production for low carbon taxes (below 50–100 USD/tC, depending on the year in question). But for higher carbon taxes, the cost-effective choice reverses in the BEAP model, but not in the GET model. The reason for this is that GET includes hydrogen from carbon-free energy sources as a technology option, whereas that option is not allowed in the BEAP model. In all other sectors, both models include carbon-free options above biomass. Thus, with higher carbon taxes, biomass will eventually become the cost-effective choice in the transportation sector in BEAP, regardless of its technology cost parameters.
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| 4. |
- Grahn, Maria, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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BIOMASS FOR HEAT OR AS TRANSPORTATION FUEL? A COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO MODEL BASED STUDIES
- 2005
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Ingår i: The 14th European Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate in Paris, 17-21 October.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In two different energy economy models of the global energy system, the cost-effective use of biomass under a stringent carbon constraint has been analyzed. Gielen et al. conclude that it is cost-effective to use biofuels for transportation, whereas Azar et al. find that it is more cost-effective to use most of the biomass to generate heat and process heat, despite the fact that assumptions about the cost of biofuels production is rather similar in the models. In this study, we compare the two models with the purpose to find an explanation for these different results. It is found that both models suggest that biomass is most cost-effectively used for heat production for low carbon taxes (below 50-100 USD/tC, depending on the year in question). But for higher carbon taxes the cost effective choice reverses in the BEAP model, but not in the GET model. The reason for that is that GET includes hydrogen from carbon free energy sources as a technology option, whereas that option is not allowed in the BEAP model. In allother sectors, both models include carbon free options above biomass. Thus with higher carbon taxes, biomass will eventually become the cost-effective choice in the transportation sector in BEAP, regardless of its technology cost parameters.
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| 5. |
- Grahn, Maria, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effective use of biomass - A comparison between two model based studies
- 2006
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Ingår i: Book of Proceedings, RIO6, World Climate and Energy Event, Nov 17-18, 2006, Hotel Othon Palace, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. - 8590271048 ; , s. 149-153
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In two different energy economy models of the global energy system, the cost-effective use of biomass under a stringent carbon constraint has been analyzed. Gielen et al. conclude that it is cost-effective to use biofuels for transportation, whereas Azar et al. find that it is more cost-effective to use most of the biomass to generate heat and process heat, despite the fact that assumptions about the cost of biofuels production is rather similar in the models. In this study, we compare the two models with the purpose to find an explanation for these different results. It is found that both models suggest that biomass is most cost-effectively used for heat production for low carbon taxes (below 50-100 USD/tC, depending on the year in question). But for higher carbon taxes the cost effective choice reverses in the BEAP model, but not in the GET model. The reason for that is that GET includes hydrogen from carbon free energy sources as a technology option, whereas that option is not allowed in the BEAP model. In all other sectors, both models include carbon free options above biomass. Thus with higher carbon taxes, biomass will eventually become the cost-effective choice in the transportation sector in BEAP, regardless of its technology cost parameters.
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| 6. |
- Hermann, Sebastian, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Energy for All - What does it mean for Water and Food Security : Seeking sustainable development CLEWS: Climate-change, Land-use, Energy and Water (CLEW) Strategies
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- This background note serves to inform the “hot topic” session entitled ‘Sustainable Energy for All – What does it mean for Water and Food Security?’.Energy is vital for human development. This is why the United Nations proclaimed 2012 as the ‘International Year of Sustainable Energy for All’. The goal is to ensure universal access to modern energy services by 2030. Today’s energy production, however, is already putting prohibitive strain on the global environment. In support of worldwide efforts to render energy systems sustainable, the UN has therefore called for two additional targets: to double the rate of improvements in energy efficiency and the share of renewable energy.Besides energy, also food and water need to be universally provided to ensure human wellbeing and enable socio-economic development. Each of these targets is indispensable to improve people’s livelihoods and is a formidable challenge by itself. But taken together, they become an even more daunting task since they interfere with each other – while today human activities are already exceeding planetary limits.The simultaneous expansion of energy, food and water requires a coherent approach based on integrated planning across these sectors. The management in each resource area is often done in isolation - with unforeseen and damaging consequences manifested in related systems. As a starting point, we focus on energy and consequently discuss Energy-Water-Food nexus relations. The beginnings of a ‘framework’ are presented that is useful to conceptualize these interrelations, and then applied to a preliminary case study. In that case study, integrated measures are considered as a means to improve the energy security of a climate-change-vulnerable small island developing state (SIDS). The case study assesses CLEW (Climate, Land-use, Energy and Water) strategies in an integrated manner, and was undertaken by organizations contributing to this special session.
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| 7. |
- Howells, Mark I., et al.
(författare)
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Integrated analysis of climate change, land-use, energy and water strategies
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nature Climate Change. - : Springer Nature. - 1758-678X .- 1758-6798. ; 3:7, s. 621-626
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Land, energy and water are our most precious resources, but the manner and extent to which they are exploited contributes to climate change. Meanwhile, the systems that provide these resources are themselves highly vulnerable to changes in climate. Efficient resource management is therefore of great importance, both for mitigation and for adaptation purposes. We postulate that the lack of integration in resource assessments and policy-making leads to inconsistent strategies and inefficient use of resources. We present CLEWs (climate, land-use, energy and water strategies), a new paradigm for resource assessments that we believe can help to remedy some of these shortcomings.
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| 8. |
- Taibi, Emanuele, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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The institutional framework for accelerated renewable energy deployment
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 98, s. 778-790
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When considering renewable energy, Pacific Island Countries (PICs) focus on energy security and affordability as primary benefits. In Melanesia, access to modern energy services represents a major unfinished agenda. To that end, Pacific Energy Ministers have endorsed the Framework for Action on Energy Security in the Pacific (FAESP) in April 2011. The associated implementation plan (IPESP) was developed, however never formally endorsed. PICs have instead taken a pathway towards national energy transition roadmaps. This paper describes the current status of the energy sector in PICs, the main challenges and the barriers to the deployment of renewable energy and the role of international cooperation in accelerating deployment. In the context of this analysis, technology cooperation is treated as the sum of cooperation on “orgware”, software and hardware. These three dimensions are explored in the context of the Pacific energy sector, looking at how development finance (DF) is currently distributed among them. Looking at the key barriers identified and the areas where DF has been focused to date, this paper proposes a framework for removal of barriers to the deployment of renewable energy in the Pacific through more focused use of DF and technical cooperation. The framework identifies key goals, actors, activities, resources necessary and indicators to monitor progress.
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| 9. |
- Taliotis, Constantinos, et al.
(författare)
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An indicative assessment of investment opportunities in the African electricity supply sector
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Energy in Southern Africa. - : Academy of Science of South Africa. - 1021-447X .- 2413-3051. ; 25:1, s. 2-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the coming decades, demand for electricity will increase considerably on the African continent. Investment in power generation, transmission and distribution is necessary to meet this demand. In this paper a cost-optimization tool is used to assess investment opportunities under varying scenarios of GDP growth, electricity trade and CO2 taxation. Business as usual fuel price outlooks are assumed, and related assumptions are relatively conservative. The goal is to find if there are economic indications that renewable energy might play a significant role in the expansion of the African electricity system. The results show that there is potential of renewable energy (RE) resources to have a significant share in the generation mix. By 2030, 42% and 55% of the total generation is powered by renewables in the high and low GDP scenarios respectively. Promotion of interregional trade can assist in unlocking RE potential across the continent, such as hydro in Central Africa and wind in East Africa; these regions are projected to be net exporters of electricity. Additionally, generation by off-grid technologies increases over time, reaching 12% of the total generation by 2030 in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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