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- Ederle, Joerg, et al.
(författare)
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Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial
- 2010
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X. ; 375:9719, s. 985-997
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Stents are an alternative treatment to carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis, but previous trials have not established equivalent safety and efficacy. We compared the safety of carotid artery stenting with that of carotid endarterectomy. Methods The International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS) is a multicentre, international, randomised controlled trial with blinded adjudication of outcomes. Patients with recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive carotid artery stenting or carotid endarterectomy. Randomisation was by telephone call or fax to a central computerised service and was stratified by centre with minimisation for sex, age, contralateral occlusion, and side of the randomised artery. Patients and investigators were not masked to treatment assignment. Patients were followed up by independent clinicians not directly involved in delivering the randomised treatment. The primary outcome measure of the trial is the 3-year rate of fatal or disabling stroke in any territory, which has not been analysed yet. The main outcome measure for the interim safety analysis was the 120-day rate of stroke, death, or procedural myocardial infarction. Analysis was by intention to treat (ITT). This study is registered, number ISRCTN25337470. Findings The trial enrolled 1713 patients (stenting group, n=855; endarterectomy group, n=858). Two patients in the stenting group and one in the endarterectomy group withdrew immediately after randomisation, and were not included in the ITT analysis. Between randomisation and 120 days, there were 34 (Kaplan-Meier estimate 4.0%) events of disabling stroke or death in the stenting group compared with 27 (3.2%) events in the endarterectomy group (hazard ratio [HR] 1.28, 95% CI 0.77-2.11). The incidence of stroke, death, or procedural myocardial infarction was 8.5% in the stenting group compared with 5.2% in the endarterectomy group (72 vs 44 events; HR 1.69, 1.16-2.45, p=0.006), Risks of any stroke (65 vs 35 events; HR 1.92, 1.27-2.89) and all-cause death (19 vs seven events; HR 2.76, 1.16-6.56) were higher in the stenting group than in the endarterectomy group. Three procedural myocardial infarctions were recorded in the stenting group, all of which were fatal, compared with four, all non-fatal, in the endarterectomy group. There was one event of cranial nerve palsy in the stenting group compared with 45 in the endarterectomy group. There were also fewer haematomas of any severity in the stenting group than in the endarterectomy group (31 vs 50 events; p=0.0197). Interpretation Completion of long-term follow-up is needed to establish the efficacy of carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy. In the meantime, carotid endarterectomy should remain the treatment of choice for patients suitable for surgery.
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| 5. |
- Fall, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Hybrid Materials of Nanocellulose and Graphene
- 2019
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Ingår i: <em>International Conference on Nanotechnology for Renewable Materials 2019</em>. - : TAPPI Press. ; , s. 1069-1080
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Gillgren, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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A one-pot set-up for real-time reaction monitoring by FTIR spectroscopy
- 2016
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Ingår i: Wood Science and Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0043-7719 .- 1432-5225. ; 50:3, s. 567-580
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a method for monitoring solution reactions in real time using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Compared to batch measurements or flow-through systems, where the reaction and spectroscopic measurements are spatially and temporarily separated, this method enables continuous FTIR spectroscopic measurements of reactions without delay and directly in the reaction vessel. The strengths are demonstrated, and the limitations of the method are highlighted using the reaction of a lignin model compound and a sulphite salt. The method is capable of identifying both kinetic and thermodynamic properties (e.g. reaction speed, intermediate species), allowing rapid and cost-effective optimisation of reaction parameters. While specificity can be limited, the non-destructive nature of the method facilitates direct coupling to other techniques to help resolve potential ambiguities. The method is of general interest in wet chemistry applications and in several areas of the lignocellulosic biomass field in particular, as it can provide new insights into natural and industrial reactions and processes.
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| 7. |
- Gillgren, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of laccase-catalyzed cross-linking of organosolv lignin and lignosulfonates
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0141-8130 .- 1879-0003. ; 105:1, s. 438-446
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignin, an underutilized by-product from chemical pulping of wood, can be modified enzymatically through oxidation by laccase. However, little is known about the molecular details surrounding the cross linking which is a result of the oxidation. To reduce this lack of knowledge, we used oxygen consumption rate data, phenolic content data and molecular weight data together with data from NMR and FTIR spectroscopy to.characterize laccase-catalyzed cross-linking of the industrial lignin preparations organosolv lignin and lignosulfonate. The organosolv lignin preparation had a M-n of 780 g/mol, a M-w of 5200 g/mol, and a phenolic content of 1.8 mmol/g. The lignosulfonate preparation had a M-n of 6000 g/mol, a M-w of 19800 g/mol, and a phenolic content of 1.1 mmol/g. Laccase-catalyzed oxidation of organosolv lignin was characterized by a relatively slow increase in molecular weight, decreased intensities for aromatic signals and p-hydroxycinnamyl groups, and increased intensity for beta-O-4' signals, whereas oxidation of lignosulfonates resulted in a very rapid increase in molecular weight, and strongly decreased intensities for aromatic signals. The data suggest that lignosulfonates cross-linked by couplings to the aromatic ring (e.g. 5-5' and 4-O-5'), whereas beta-O-4' coupling characterized cross-linking of organosolv lignin, probably involving cinnamyl alcohol end-groups. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 8. |
- Gillgren, Thomas, 1979
(författare)
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Material Properties of Cereal Protein Films
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Materials that are renewable and biodegradable are demanded due to environmental aspects. Biopolymeric materials, such as materials from prolamins, fulfil both of these requirements. Prolamins are cereal storage proteins. Examples of such are zein, gluten, kafirin and avenin from maize, wheat, sorghum and oats, respectively. Prolamin materials are generally rather brittle and need therefore to be plasticized in order to become more flexible.Physical properties, such as thermomechanical, tensile and barrier properties, of kafirin, zein and avenin films, with different levels of plasticizer, were investigated. Zein and kafirin were plasticized by a mixture of glycerol, lactic acid and polyethylene glycol, whereas avenin was plasticized by sole glycerol. Avenin was weaker than the other two, but more extensible at low plasticizer contents. Zein was the most extensible of the high plasticizer content films. Kafirin and zein exhibited approximately the same barrier properties, whereas avenin was more permeable. Compared to synthetic polymers, these prolamin materials are not as water resistant and extensible as polyethylene, but can be made stronger and more resistant to oxygen. Other synthetic polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol are better oxygen barriers, but worse water vapour barriers than these prolamin materials.The plasticization of prolamin materials is an important issue. By studying the plasticization mechanism we can better understand and control the properties of these materials. Therefore the plasticization effect of water, glycerol and 2-mercaptoethanol in zein films was investigated by a combination of thermomechanical and spectroscopy (infrared and dielectric) studies. It was found that the mechanisms of water and glycerol do not differ significantly from each other by the hydrogen bonding interaction with the protein. Neither one has any greater effect on the protein conformation. 2-mercaptoethanol was likely evaporated already during film casting, as all samples containing this substance displayed the same glass transition temperature. However, a small portion of the 2-mercaptoethanol seems to have broken the disulphide bonds in the protein before evaporation, which is a totally different plasticizing mechanism compared to the ones of water and glycerol.
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| 10. |
- Gillgren, Thomas, 1979
(författare)
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Material Properties of Starch and Cereal Protein Films and Foams
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Materials that are renewable and biodegradable are demanded for environmental reasons. Biopolymeric materials, such as materials from starch and cereal proteins, are both renewable and biodegradable. However, starch and cereal protein materials are generally rather brittle and therefore need to be plasticized to become more flexible.Investigations were made of physical properties, such as thermomechanical, tensile and barrier properties, of starch and proteins from maize, oats and sorghum with different levels of plasticizers. Avenin was weaker than the other two cereal proteins but more extensible at low plasticizer contents. Zein was the most extensible of the films with high plasticizer content. The manufacturing conditions of films made of high amylose maize starch affected the molecular structure of the starch as determined by light microscopy and size exclusion chromatography, which in turn affected the film forming properties. The mechanical properties were not significantly affected by the manufacturing conditions, however, and the films were found to be equally strong and extensible as zein and kafirin films with similar plasticizer contents. The mechanical properties of native starches were highly dependent on their amylose content, and to some extent also on their phosphate content. Films from pure amylose were the strongest, even stronger than cereal protein films at a similar plasticizer content. Films made of potato starch with a low phosphate content seemed to possess an optimal combination of amylose and phosphate content since they displayed superior extensibility and wet resistance. Kafirin and zein exhibited approximately the same barrier properties, whereas avenin was more permeable. Due to the troublesome fragility of cereal proteins, the plasticization effect of water, glycerol and 2-mercaptoethanol in zein films were investigated in thermomechanical and spectroscopy (infrared and dielectric) studies. It was found that the mechanisms of water and glycerol did not differ significantly from each other by the hydrogen bonding interaction with the protein. Neither had any greater effect on the protein conformation. 2-mercaptoethanol seemed only to have a small plasticizing effect, completely different from the effects of water and glycerol.
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