| 1. |
- Isaksson, Rebecka, et al.
(författare)
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A Series of Analogues to the AT2R Prototype Antagonist C38 Allow Fine Tuning of the Previously Reported Antagonist Binding Mode
- 2019
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Ingår i: ChemistryOpen. - : Wiley. - 2191-1363. ; 8:1, s. 114-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We here report on our continued studies of ligands binding tothe promising drug target angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R). Two series of compounds were synthesized and investigated. The first series explored the effects of adding small substituents to the phenyl ring of the known selective nonpeptide AT2R antagonist C38, generating small but significant shifts in AT2R affinity. One compound in the first series was equipotent to C38 and showed similar kinetic solubility, and stability in both human and mouse liver microsomes. The second series was comprised of new bicyclic derivatives, amongst which one ligand exhibited a five-fold improved affinity to AT2R ascompared to C38. The majority of the compounds in the second series, including the most potent ligand, were inferior to C38 with regard to stability in both human and mouse microsomes. In contrast to our previously reported findings, ligands with shorter carbamate alkyl chains only demonstrated slightly improved stability in microsomes. Based on data presented herein, a more adequate, tentative model of the binding modes of ligand analogues to the prototype AT2R antagonist C38 is proposed, as deduced from docking redefined by molecular dynamic simulations.
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| 2. |
- Wannberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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N-(Heteroaryl)thiophene sulfonamides as angiotensin AT2 receptor ligands
- 2024
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Ingår i: European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0223-5234 .- 1768-3254. ; 265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two series of N-(heteroaryl)thiophene sulfonamides, encompassing either a methylene imidazole group or a tertbutylimidazolylacetyl group in the meta position of the benzene ring, have been synthesized. An AT(2)R selective ligand with a Ki of 42 nM was identified in the first series and in the second series, six AT(2)R selective ligands with significantly improved binding affinities and Ki values of <5 nM were discovered. The binding modes to AT(2)R were explored by docking calculations combined with molecular dynamics simulations. Although some of the high affinity ligands exhibited fair stability in human liver microsomes, comparable to that observed with C21 undergoing clinical trials, most ligands displayed a very low metabolic stability with t(1/2) of less than 10 min in human liver microsomes. The most promising ligand, with an AT(2)R K-i value of 4.9 nM and with intermediate stability in human hepatocytes (t(1/2) = 77 min) caused a concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of pre-contracted mouse aorta.
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| 3. |
- Wannberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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N-(Methyloxycarbonyl)thiophene sulfonamides as high affinity AT2 receptor ligands
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0968-0896 .- 1464-3391. ; 29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of meta-substituted acetophenone derivatives, encompassing N-(alkyloxycarbonyl)thiophene sulfonamide fragments have been synthesized. Several selective AT2 receptor ligands were identified, among those a tert-butylimidazole derivative (20) with a Ki of 9.3 nM, that demonstrates a high stability in human liver microsomes (t½ = 62 min) and in human hepatocytes (t½ = 194 min). This methyloxycarbonylthiophene sulfonamide is a 20-fold more potent binder to the AT2 receptor and is considerably more stable in human liver microsomes, than a previously reported and broadly studied structurally related AT2R prototype antagonist 3 (C38). Ligand 20 acts as an AT2R agonist and caused an AT2R mediated concentration-dependent vasorelaxation of pre-contracted mouse aorta. Furthermore, in contrast to imidazole derivative C38, the tert-butylimidazole derivative 20 is a poor inhibitor of CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9. It is demonstrated herein that smaller alkyloxycarbonyl groups make the ligands in this series of AT2R selective compounds less prone to degradation and that a high AT2 receptor affinity can be retained after truncation of the alkyloxycarbonyl group. Binding modes of the most potent AT2R ligands were explored by docking calculations combined with molecular dynamics simulations.
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| 4. |
- Engen, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Inhibition of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by Imidazo[1,5-α]pyridines; Synthesis and Evaluation
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inhibition of Insulin-regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) has been shown to improve cognitive functions in several animal models. Recently, we performed a screening campaign identifying novel small-molecule based compounds acting as inhibitors of the enzymatic activity IRAP. Here we report on the chemical synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and initial characterization of physicochemical properties of a series of imidazo[1,5-α]pyridine-based inhibitors, including delineation of their mode of action as non-competitive inhibitors with a small L-leucine-based IRAP substrate. The best compound displays an pIC50 values of 6.0. We elucidate the importance of two chiral sites in these molecules and find they have little impact on the compound´s metabolic stability or physicochemical properties. The carbonyl group of a central urea moiety was initially believed to mimic substrate binding to a catalytically important Zn2+ ion in the active site, although the plausibility of this binding hypothesis is challenged by observation of excellent selectivity versus the closely related aminopeptidase N (APN). Taken together with the non-competitive inhibition pattern, we also consider an alternative model of allosteric binding.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Frasca, Serena, et al.
(författare)
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Toward Biomass-Based Organic Electronics : Continuous Flow Synthesis and Electropolymerization of N-Substituted Pyrroles
- 2024
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Ingår i: ACS Omega. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2470-1343. ; 9:12, s. 13852-13859
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pyrroles are foundational building blocks in a wide array of disciplines, including chemistry, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. Currently sourced from nonrenewable fossil sources, there is a strive to explore alternative and sustainable synthetic pathways to pyrroles utilizing renewable feedstocks. The utilization of biomass resources presents a compelling solution, particularly given that several key bulk and fine chemicals already originate from biomass. For instance, 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran and aniline are promising candidates for biomass-based chemical production. In this study, we present an innovative approach for synthesizing N-substituted pyrroles by modifying the Clauson-Kaas protocol, starting from 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran as the precursor. The developed methodology offers the advantage of producing pyrroles under mild reaction conditions with the potential for catalyst-free reactions depending upon the structural features of the substrate. We devised protocols suitable for both continuous flow and batch reactions, enabling the conversion of a wide range of anilines and sulfonamides into their respective N-substituted pyrroles with good to excellent yields. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of depositing thin films of the corresponding polymers onto electrodes through in situ electropolymerization. This innovative application showcases the potential for sustainable, biomass-based organic electronics, thus, paving the way for environmentally friendly advancements in this field.
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| 7. |
- Frasca, Serena, et al.
(författare)
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Toward biomass-based organic electronics: Continuous flow synthesis and electropolymerization of N-substituted polypyrroles
- 2023
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Ingår i: ACS Spring meeting 2023. - Indianapolis.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pyrroles are important building blocks in many areas of chemistry, pharmaceuticals and materials. Pyrroles are currently fossil-based and transition to renewable alternatives demands new synthetic pathways. The use of biomass is a very attractive option for more sustainable solutions and several bulk and fine chemical are already produced from biomass. 2,5-Dimethoxytetrahydrofuran is an example of fine chemical derived from carbohydrate fraction of biomass. Here we report the synthesis of N-substituted pyrroles through a modified Clauson-Kass protocol starting from 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran. The proposed method allows to obtain pyrroles under mild reaction conditions and it can be performed catalyst-free. The protocol works both in continuous flow and under batch conditions.. A wide range of anilines and sulphonamides are transformed to corresponding N-substituted pyrroles in good to excellent yields. Conductive films are achieved through electropolymerization and they show distinct redox activity. Current efforts entail the application of the material in sensors or energy storage devices. The proposed method opens the pathway to sustainable biomass-based organic electronics.
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| 8. |
- Gising, Johan, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Achiral Pyrazinone-Based Inhibitors of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease and Drug-Resistant Variants with Elongated Substituents Directed Toward the S2 Pocket
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-2623 .- 1520-4804. ; 57:5, s. 1790-1801
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein we describe the design, synthesis, inhibitory potency, and pharmacokinetic properties of a novel class of achiral peptidomimetic HCV NS3 protease inhibitors. The compounds are based on a dipeptidomimetic pyrazinone glycine P3P2 building block in combination with an aromatic acyl sulfonamide in the P1P1′ position. Structure–activity relationship data and molecular modeling support occupancy of the S2 pocket from elongated R6 substituents on the 2(1H)-pyrazinone core and several inhibitors with improved inhibitory potency down to Ki = 0.11 μM were identified. A major goal with the design was to produce inhibitors structurally dissimilar to the di- and tripeptide-based HCV protease inhibitors in advanced stages of development for which cross-resistance might be an issue. Therefore, the retained and improved inhibitory potency against the drug-resistant variants A156T, D168V, and R155K further strengthen the potential of this class of inhibitors. A number of the inhibitors were tested in in vitro preclinical profiling assays to evaluate their apparent pharmacokinetic properties. The various R6 substituents were found to have a major influence on solubility, metabolic stability, and cell permeability.
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| 9. |
- Gising, Johan, 1981-
(författare)
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Design and Synthesis of Enzyme Inhibitors Against Infectious Diseases : Targeting Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ribonucleotide Reductase
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Infectious diseases, including hepatitis C and tuberculosis, claim the lives of over 15 million people each year. Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) which infects the liver and can ultimately result in liver transplantation. HCV is very adaptive as a result of its high mutation rate. Thus, there is a potential high risk for the development of drug resistance and also a possible cross-resistance due to a structural similarity between many of the HCV NS3 protease inhibitors currently in clinical trial and on the market, that all are based on a P2-proline or a proline mimic. Thus, part of the research behind this thesis was to explore a new structural P3-P2 unit for the NS3 protease inhibitors, a 2(1H)-pyrazinone moiety. A microwave-assisted protocol was developed, and the 2(1H)-pyrazinone core was synthesized in only 2 × 10 min. A series of optimization steps resulted in several submicromolar 2(1H)-pyrazinone-containing NS3 protease inhibitors that performed well against drug-resistant NS3 protease variants. The key modifications were: exchanging the unstable carbamate P3 capping group for a stable urea functionality, transferring the P2 group from the amino acid residue to the pyrazinone ring and elongating the substituent, and using an aromatic acyl sulfonamide in the P1-P1' position.The causative agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which currently infects one third of the world's population. No new TB drugs have been approved in nearly 50 years and drug resistance has been observed for all of the current first-line drugs. Because of the importance of identifying novel drug targets, the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzyme was investigated. The RNR enzyme consists of two R1 and two R2 subunits and is essential for Mtb replication. Starting from hits identified in a virtual screening program, a small library of low molecular weight inhibitors of the association between the R1 and R2 subunits was designed and synthesized. The compounds with the strongest affinity for the R1 subunit of RNR were further evaluated in an orthogonal activity assay. Two RNR inhibitors with promising antimycobacterial effects were identified, which can serve as leads in the further optimization of this class of compounds.
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| 10. |
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