| 1. |
- Andersson, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Management Measures to Reduce Continuous Underwater Noise from Shipping
- 2023
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Underwater radiated noise (URN) from commercial ships is a significant source of elevated noise levels in the oceans and can have a negative impact on marine wildlife. Noise from commercial shipping places additional stress on the oceans, but is one of the least studied environmental pollutants, and there is an urgent need to reduce the aggregate stress levels. Until recently, reduction of underwater noise has not been prioritised by ship designers, shipowners, or crews. Even within the field of marine management, noise has received limited interest. However, the International Maritime organization (IMO) has adopted global guidelines on URN reduction, which are currently being updated. Within the EU, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD 2008/56/EC) Descriptor 11 criteria 11.2, now provides a framework for marine administrators to manage noise by establishing threshold values. Marine management focuses on the total noise load on the marine environment. Management entails several considerations before recommendations can be made. As a first step, interdisciplinary teams need to assess the aggregated noise levels and determine acceptable thresholds based on the local ecosystem, then assess which existing mandates and management tools can be used, and finally assess how effective these mandates have been in improving the environment. These activities must also be managed in a way that is acceptable to various relevant stakeholders, who would need to follow the decisions. The URN from a ship can be affected by the vessel’s design, either during its construction or during upgrades, and balances a trade-off against fuel efficiency. However, the URN can also depend on how the ship is operated. Regulating ship speed is one potential management tool, and its effectiveness needs to be assessed. Other management measures include how shipping lanes are drawn, areas to avoid, financial support, information, etc. This report focuses on possible policy measures that the Swedish authorities could adopt to lower URN by regulating the speed of ships. The report presents an interdisciplinary analysis, using a case study of an area in the southern Kattegat that covered several maritime zones, different national jurisdictions, intensive traffic, and high natural values. An important part of the work was to assess whether existing source models for ship noise could be used for the type of ships that are common in waters around Sweden. In this study, the JOMOPANS-ECHO (J-E) model was used.The J-E model was validated by comparing measurement data from a hydrophone station at Vinga on the Swedish coast that collected data from ships (254 passages) that used the port of Gothenburg. The analysis showed some deviation between the J-E model and measurement data, which could be due to differences in the length and speed of ships in waters around Sweden compared to the ships used in the development of the J-E model. However, this was likely to have negligible impact on the outcome of the case study.Analyses of ship traffic in 2021 showed that 4,511 unique vessels visited the study area at least once. Most ships followed the main routes, but no part of the study area was completely free from ship traffic. About 68% of the ships visited the study area for 1-4 days, while about 32% visited the area more regularly. The most common ship types were General Cargo Ships, Dry Bulk Ships, and Tankers. The ships that on average travelled at highest speeds were RoPax Ships, RoRo Ships, Vehicle Carriers, and Container Ships. The ships were registered in 64 countries. About two percent of the ships were registered in Sweden and about four percent in Denmark.Legal analysis showed that Sweden has the right and the responsibility to take measures to reduce underwater noise from ships to the extent that the noise can be deemed to pollute the marine environment. However, this mainly applies to Sweden’s territorial seas, which cover roughly half the area being studied for this report. In the portion that constitutes Danish territorial sea, Denmark has comparable opportunities for managing URN. In areas that are Swedish or Danish exclusive economic zones (EEZs), the ability to introduce mandatory speed limits is significantly limited. There, the most realistic option would be to request the IMO to establish speed limits, or alternatively to issue a recommendation to navigate at lower speeds, although such guidance could not be enforced on ships that do not voluntarily reduce their speed.It was estimated that lowering the ships' speeds to a hypothetical limit of 11 kn would reduce the average URN levels by 4.4 ± 2 dB, as registered by local receivers in the study area. This speed limit would affect approximately 44% of the ships in the area. A maximum speed of 13 kn would instead reduce the level by 1.9 ± 0.5 dB and would affect 11% of the ships on average. The reduction in noise levels may temporarily be much higher in the immediate vicinity of individual fast ships, and there might be a high degree of variation between different ships.The study and report make it clear that it is a complex task to assess the feasibility and benefit of introducing a specific marine management tool, in this case an enforceable local speed limit. But it is also clear that there are reliable methods to make the preliminary assessments, and that it requires interdisciplinary analyses and competence.
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| 2. |
- Bergman, Penny, et al.
(författare)
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Age-related decline in senses and cognition : A Review
- 2021
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Ingår i: Senses and Sciences. - Rom : Eleven Senses Info. - 2284-2489. ; 8:2, s. 1264-1292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Age-related decline in the senses is well-known, with a decline in the sensitivity of all senses having been observed. Decline in the senses can be connected to different neurological disorders and cognitive function and may even be a possible predictor of death. Aim: The aim of this narrative review was to find and explore recent literature on the covariation between age-related decline in the different senses and co-existing effects on cognitive ability and quality of life. Results and Discussion: Six themes could be identified, these were: “Decline due to normal ageing?”, “Technical aids and solutions”, “Wellbeing”, “Memory training”, “Verbal exercises” and “Sensory training”. Large differences between the different senses were obtained. However, the senses showed similar patterns in the different themes. Conclusion: It could be concluded that there are many similarities concerning the connections between the decline in individual senses and cognition and memory. Measurements of wellbeing and quality of life are common in the evaluation of the senses, and all types of decline have an impact on activities in daily life.
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| 3. |
- Bergman, Penny, et al.
(författare)
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Age-related decline in senses and cognition: A Review
- 2021
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Ingår i: Senses and Sciences. - : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 2284-2489. ; 8:2, s. 1264-1292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Age-related decline in the senses is well-known, with a decline in the sensitivity of all senses having been observed. Decline in the senses can be connected to different neurological disorders and cognitive function and may even be a possible predictor of death. Aim: The aim of this narrative review was to find and explore recent literature on the covariation between age-related decline in the different senses and co-existing effects on cognitive ability and quality of life. Results and Discussion: Six themes could be identified, these were: “Decline due to normal ageing?”, “Technical aids and solutions”, “Wellbeing”, “Memory training”, “Verbal exercises” and “Sensory training”. Large differences between the different senses were obtained. However, the senses showed similar patterns in the different themes. Conclusion: It could be concluded that there are many similarities concerning the connections between the decline in individual senses and cognition and memory. Measurements of wellbeing and quality of life are common in the evaluation of the senses, and all types of decline have an impact on activities in daily life.
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| 4. |
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Bo i Ro : Texter från ett tvärvetenskapligt symposium om boende, buller och hälsa. Läkaresällskapets hus i Stockholm, den 20 oktober 2016
- 2016
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sveriges Regering fattade den 9 april 2015 beslut om en ny förordning medbestämmelser om riktvärden för buller utomhus för spårtrafik, vägar ochflygplatser vid bostadsbyggnader. Förordningen (2015:216) om trafikbullervid bostadsbyggnader träder i kraft den 1 juni 2015. I denna förordning finnsförändrade riktvärden för bullerexponering vid bostader som tillåter betydligtmer buller än tidigare, något som från många håll kritiserats för att medförahälsorisker.Ljudmiljöcentrums målsättning med symposiet Bo i Ro har varit lyfta fram densenaste forskningen om hälsa och buller, synliggöra förändringarna ibullerförordning som kan få konsekvenser vad gäller hälsa och välbefinnandeför stora delar av befolkningen samt diskutera strategier för framtida folkhälsa,boende & bullerhantering.Symposiet arrangerades av Ljudmiljöcentrum vid Lunds universitet isamarbete med arbets- och miljömedicin i Lund och riktade sig särskilt tillintresserade forskare, politiker och beslutsfattare.Nyckelord: Bo i Ro, bostäder, trafikbuller, ljudmiljö, folkhälsa, forskning.
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| 5. |
- Brunskog, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Absorption and scattering by perforated facings with periodic narrow slits
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 151:3, s. 1847-1859
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops a theory for the sound absorption and scattering of perforated slit absorbers.A rigid plane, perforated periodically in one dimension with absorbing slits, scatters incoming sound waves as discrete wave components in different directions. The absorbing slits are assumed to be line-like in the sense that their width is much shorter than the wavelengths.The equation for the sound field is solved in the wavenumber domain. The slits are described with an impedance description, assuming local reaction of the slits (typically a Helmholtz resonator).The solution is found by means of an inverse transform, back to the spatial domain. This results in an explicit formulation of the sound field, including a sum consisting of components that either radiate energy in discrete directions or are surface waves.A similar sum is also included in a term that can be interpreted as radiation impedance. The explicit expressions for the absorption and scattering coefficients are found with the aid of the radiating part of the scattered and reflected field.Numerical results of the absorption and scattering coefficients are presented. The result is verified with finite element method and compared with the result from an alternative general formulation of the problem.
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| 6. |
- Genell, Anders, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Common sources of under water and air borne noise from ships
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 10<sup>th </sup>Convention of the European Acoustics Association Forum Acusticum 2023. - : European Acoustics Association (EAA). - 9788888942674 ; , s. 6083-6086
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The project Silent@Sea, funded by the Swedish Transport Administration, aims to investigate levels of noise radiated from ships into the marine environment as well as on board from diesel engines, from LNG engines and from electric propulsion. The current paper presents results from measurements of on board noise and vibrations, external under water noise and external air borne noise from a hybrid battery/diesel shuttle ferry. On board vibration measurements provided information about sources such as engine mounts and thruster mounts that potentially radiate noise into the water. The most important of these sources were then confirmed by narrow band analysis of corresponding under water noise measurement results. Finally, results from air borne noise measurements were similarly analysed to find sources that contribute to both under and over water marine environment noise exposure. The analyses show that the vessel emit comparatively low levels of noise regardless of propulsion mode, and that when using electric propulsion the noise is further reduced both on board and under as well as over the water.
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| 7. |
- Genell, Anders, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Ship noise in coastal regions : final report of the SHIPNOISE project
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ships carry cargo and passengers around our planet. In coastal regions, complaints about ship noise have been raised from nearby residents. Ships are also the dominant source of continuous underwater noise in the seas. In the SHIPNOISE project, we investigate levels of ship noise in coastal regions using a custom measurement station for both airborne and underwater noise from ships underway. The measurement station is developed using embedded microprocessors for low power consumption. The station is deployed at Böttö at the inlet to Gothenburg harbor, and then at Lurö in Lake Vänern.These sites are close to shipping lanes of different traffic intensity. The measured airborne noise levels indicate that there is a risk to exceed recommended indoor low-frequency noise limits for dwellings positioned up to several hundred meters from the passing ships, although the effect on public health is uncertain. The underwater noise recorded at 200-300 m range at the SHIPNOISE measurement locations during ship passages is strong enough to exceed levels for environmental impact previously demonstrated on local marine mammals, fish and possibly invertebrates. For example, harbor porpoises, herring and salmon are likely to avoid or escape the area when a loud ship passes.
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| 8. |
- Genell, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Ship noise in coastal regions - final report of the SHIPNOISE project
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ships carry cargo and passengers around our planet. In coastal regions, complaintsabout ship noise have been raised from nearby residents. Ships are also thedominant source of continuous underwater noise in the seas.In the SHIPNOISEproject, we investigate levels of ship noise in coastal regions using a custommeasurement station for both airborne and underwater noise from shipsunderway. The measurement station is developed using embeddedmicroprocessors for low power consumption. The station is deployed at Böttö atthe inlet to Gothenburg harbor, and then at Lurö in Lake Vänern.These sites areclose to shipping lanes of different traffic intensity. The measured airborne noiselevels indicate that there is a risk to exceed recommended indoor low-frequencynoise limits for dwellings positioned up to several hundred meters from thepassing ships, although the effect on public health is uncertain.The underwaternoise recorded at 200-300 m range at the SHIPNOISE measurement locationsduring ship passages is strong enough to exceed levels for environmental impactpreviously demonstrated on local marine mammals, fish and possiblyinvertebrates. For example, harbor porpoises, herring and salmon are likely toavoid or escape the area when a loud ship passes.
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| 9. |
- Glebe, Dag, et al.
(författare)
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Bullerdatainsamling och autonom artidentifiering för att underlätta miljöövervakning
- 2022
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trenden för Sveriges miljömål är i flera fall nedåtgående, och ett av de områdensom visar negativ trend är målet ”Ett rikt växt- och djurliv”. Sveriges uppföljning avhabitat- och fågeldirektivet påvisar ett utsatt läge för den biologiska mångfalden.Det är idag svårt och kostsamt att övervaka om de svenska miljömålen uppfylls.Insamling av ljud- och bilddata sker redan idag i en stor omfattning, men detfinns en stor och outnyttjad potential att förenkla miljöövervakningen genom nyabilliga datainsamlingsenheter och framför allt genom nya automatiska AI-baseradeanalyssystem. Manuell provtagning och datainsamling är tidskrävande och kostsam,vilket gör autonom ljud- och bilddatainsamling attraktivt, särskilt på otillgängligaplatser som till exempel under vatten. I flera fall skulle allmänheten kunna anlitasför att hjälpa till med detektering av invasiva främmande arter med hjälp av enmobiltelefonapplikation som använder artificiell intelligens för artidentifiering.I denna rapport granskas state of the art, det vill säga resultat och tekniki forskningsfronten, när det gäller användning av ljud- och bilddata för bullerövervakningoch bullerkartläggning, för artidentifiering av djur och växter ochför övervakning av invasiva främmande arter. Rapporten granskar och analyserarnuvarande och framväxande teknik och metoder och bedömer deras mognad,tillgänglighet och tillförlitlighet.Denna rapport syftar till att redovisa möjligheter och utmaningar kopplade till:System för att samla in bullerdata för att modellera bullerpåverkan i de terrestraoch akvatiska domänerna och möjliggöra bullerkartläggning.System för autonom ljud- och bildbaserad artidentifiering, uppskattning avpopulation och övervakning av biologisk mångfald.System för detektion av invasiva främmande arter, till exempel medmobiltelefonapp.Ekoakustisk bullerdatainsamling Biologiska tillämpningar inom akustik kallas bioakustik eller ekoakustik. De mestutforskade områdena med passiv akustisk övervakning eller PAM, är djurläteni ultraljudsområdet (exempel är fladder-möss och valar), eftersom traditionellaanalysmetoder kan användas i de fallen. PAM kan till exempel realiseras med ljudboxar,enskilda eller i matriser, eller med halsband eller inopererade enheter påenskilda djurindivider. Akustiskt aktiva djur inrättar sig efter varandra och övrigaljud, varför ljudlandskap anses ge information om biosystemets hälsa.Det viktigt att adressera hela mätkedjan i PAM-teknik. Rapportens översikt avhårdvara fokuseras mot ljud, eftersom kamerateknik är etablerat i svensk viltvård.De flesta hårdvarukomponenter i mätkedjan behöver väljas från praktisk synvinkelför att fungera bra i mätsystem, till exempel batteritid, minneshantering elleruppkopplingsmöjligheter,och låg kostnad om många insamlingsenheter behövs. Rapporten innehåller även en översikt av autonoma system eller integrerade enhetersom täcker hela mätkedjan vid insamling av ljuddata. Möjligheterna att kombineraljud- och bilddata för analys används sällan idag, och det kan finnas stora vinsteratt göra inom detta fält.Framgångsrika AI-baserade analysmetoder har inte slagit igenom i kommersiellamjukvaruprogram. Det är ett stort tryck inom forskarvärlden på att tillgängliggöraanalysresultat, analysverktyg och insamlade data, för att kunna återanvända data och resultat av resursskäl, och erbjuda större datatäckning. Även standardiseradeformat på metadata efterfrågas, syftande mot internationell forskningspraxis.Framgångarna inom medborgarforskning kan delvis tillskrivas nya verktygimplementerade i mobilappar, men det finns en stor utvecklingspotential attskräddarsy verktyg och metoder efter verksamheter och faktiska behov.AI inom bioakustik –State of the art De AI-baserade metoder som används mest inom bioakustik är djupinlärningsmetoder,framför allt olika former av neurala nätverk som lämpar sig för resurskrävandelyssning och bildgranskande. Det största området är fågelklassificering.Den vanligaste typen av neuralt nätverk inom bioakustik är CNN (convolutionalneural network), vilken är viktig inom bild- och ljudanalys, men nya varianterutvecklas ständigt. Ofta används spektrogram (en bildrepresentation av ljud) somindata till djupinlärningsmodeller, men många varianter har visats fungera. Melspektrogramär det som funkat bäst i bioakustiska sammanhang, på grund av attfrekvensskalningen avbildar läten likadant oavsett tonhöjd, vilket passar nätverkav CNN-typ. Observera att samma rådata kan ligga till grund för olika typer avträningsindata,om de har tillräckligt bra kvalitet och upplösning. Kraven på högupplöstdata väntas öka, vilket är viktigt om insamlade rådata ska kunna användasi framtiden, liksom kraven att metadata ska kopplas till konstaterade observationer.För maskinlyssning har en femtonfaldig ökning skett av antalet publikationeri området mellan 1998–2018. Skattning av populationstäthet hos fåglar med hjälpav maskinlyssning har visat sig ge lika bra resultat som manuell punkträkning,med avseende på nyckelparametrar som antal noterade fågelarter.Metoder som inte kräver manuell klassificering av upplärningsdata är en lovandeframåt för bullerreducering och källseparering. Vid brist på annoterade indata förträning av modeller kan ”embedding functions” användas. Från området stadsbullerfinns metoder för att realtidsströmma data med hjälp av distribuerade nät. Aktiva inlärningsmetoder, det vill säga metoder där experter aktivt deltar iinlärningsprocessen,ger snabbt kraftfulla resultat. En intressant variant på detta äratt träna djur för att göra val som blir annoteringar av indata. Detta ger en modell somrepresenterar djurens egen perception, vilket dock får användas med försiktighet.Sammanfattningsvis ses inte en omfattande satsning på bullerdatainsamlingutanför Sveriges bebyggda områden eller runt Sveriges kustersom realistisk i dagensläge, men det finns stora möjligheter att integrera autonom artidentifiering i depågående övervakningsaktiviteter som bedrivs i svensk natur eller som ett proof-of concept.
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| 10. |
- Glebe, Dag, et al.
(författare)
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Comparisons of various approaches to low frequency in-situ measurements and corresponding models
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the INTER-NOISE 2016 - 45th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering. - 9781510829886 ; , s. 1154-1161
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- New recommendations for environmental noise levels have been issued in Sweden. The permissible levels at facades of new buildings have been increased, which has resulted in a risk for higher indoor low frequency noise levels, since the recommended indoor levels are A-weighted. The additional Swedish low frequency third octave band requirements might be violated. Therefore, there is a need for reviewing how well façade insulation properties are manifested in measurements, and how accurate the measurement results indicate the indoor noise situation from the residents' perspective. In this paper, the results of façade insulation measurements are compared with corresponding models, with a special attention to associated challenges (e.g. to establish representative microphone positions in low frequency sound fields). The measurements are performed in a demonstrator house, which replicates a modern single family house. The models are evaluated both with respect to the total sound energy integrated over the entire room volumes, and as sampled sound fields, where the sample points may correspond to microphone positions. The congruence of the measured and the modelled results are analysed and discussed, as well as the relevance of different approaches.
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