| 1. |
- Grubler, Arnulf, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy Primer
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future. - 9781107005198 ; , s. 99-150
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 2. |
- Grübler, Arnulf, et al.
(författare)
-
Policies for the Energy Technology Innovation System (ETIS)
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future. - 9780521182935 ; , s. 1665-1744
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development and introduction of heat pumps provides an interesting illustration of policy influence and effectiveness in relation to energy technology innovation. Heat pumps have been supported by several countries since the 1970s as a strategy to improve energy efficiency, support energy security, reduce environmental degradation, and combat climate change. Sweden and Switzerland have been essential to the development and commercialization of heat pumps in Europe. In both countries, numerous policy incentives have lined the path of technology and market development. Early policy initiatives were poorly coordinated but supported technology development, entrepreneurial experimentation, knowledge development, and the involvement of important actors in networks and organisations. The market collapse in the mid 1980s could have resulted in a total failure ‐ but did not. The research programmes continued in the 1980s, and a new set of stakeholders formed ‐ both publicly and privately funded researchers, authorities, and institutions ‐ and provided an important platform for further development. In the 1990s and 2000s, Sweden and Switzerland introduced more coordinated and strategic policy incentives for the development of heat pumps. The approaches were flexible and adjusted over time. The policy interventions in both countries supported learning, successful development and diffusion processes, and cost reductions. This assessment of innovation and diffusion policies for heat pump systems can be used to generalise some insights for energy technology innovation policy.
|
|
| 3. |
- Nilsson, Lars J, et al.
(författare)
-
Energy services and development
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Climate Change and Development. ; , s. 293-308
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased energy efficiency at the point of end-use is a key strategy for addressing a range of energy related problems, including greenhouse gas emissions. There are energy efficiency alternatives that can be implemented at low cost,and perhaps with some cost savings – these activities offer no-regrets opportunities for climate change mitigation. In addition, high levels of end-use energy efficiency will be key for sustainable growth of energy systems, which will be required for economic growth and the concurrent increased demands for energy services. This paper briefly reviews the role of energy in development, and the main experiences and considerations associated with energy efficiency as a strategy for least-cost provision of energy services.A major challenge for society is accelerating the rate of energy efficiency improvement to meet the increasing demand for energy services and to ameliorate the negative impacts of increased energy supply at the same time. Thus, the primary focus of this paper is the discussion of various policies and incentives that are conducive to energy efficiency, within the context of development.
|
|
