| 1. |
- Averfalk, Helge, 1988-
(författare)
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Enhanced District Heating Technology : Maintaining Future System Feasibility
- 2017
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When heat demand and high temperature heat supply gradually decreases in the future, then it will effect district heating systems ability to compete on the heat market. A good way to mitigate less district heating feasibility is to operate systems with lower temperature levels and the most conceivable way to achieve lower temperature levels is to decrease return temperatures.Thus, this thesis emphasise temperature errors embedded in district heating systems. Only a selection of temperature errors are analysed in this thesis. First, the temperature error that occurs due to recirculation in distribution networks at low heat demands. Second, the temperature error that occurs due to hot water circulation in multi-family buildings. Third, the temperature error that occurs due to less than possible heat transfer in heat exchangers, i.e. too short thermal lengths.In order to address these temperature errors three technology changes have been proposed (i) three-pipe distribution network to separate the recirculation return flow from the delivery return flow, (ii) apartment substations to eliminate hot water circulation utilisation, and (iii) improved heat exchangers for lower return temperatures at a constant scenario. Analysis of proposed changes has resulted in annual average return temperatures between 17-21 °C.Furthermore, rapid introduction of intermittent renewable electricity supply in the energy system has prompted an increased necessity of power system balancing capacities. Large-scale conversion of power-to-heat in electric boilers and heat pumps is a feasible alternative to achieve such balancing capacities. Analysis of the unique Swedish experience with utilisation of large heat pumps installations connected to district heating systems show that since the 1980s 1527 MW of heat power has been installed, about 80 % of the capacity was still in use by 2013. Thus, a cumulative value of over three decades of operation and maintenance exists within Swedish district heating systems.The two papers presented in this thesis are related to future district heating systems through the five abilities of fourth generation district heating (4GDH), which are documented in the definition paper of 4GDH.
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| 2. |
- Averfalk, Helge, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Large heat pumps in Swedish district heating systems
- 2017
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - Kidlington : Pergamon Press. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 79, s. 1275-1284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Power-to-heat solutions like heat pumps and electric boilers are foreseen to be possible future tools to stabilise international power markets with high proportions of variable power supply. Temporary low cost electricity can be used for heat generation at times with high availability of wind and solar power through substitution of ordinary heat supply, hence contributing to increased energy system sustainability. Power-to-heat installations in district heating systems are competitive due to low specific investment and installation costs for large electric boilers, heat pumps, and heat storages. Several large-scale heat pumps were installed in Swedish district heating systems during the 1980s, since a national electricity surplus from new nuclear power existed for some years. The aim of this paper is to summarise the accumulated operation experiences from these large Swedish heat pumps to support and facilitate planning of future power-to-heat solutions with heat pumps in district heating systems. Gained experiences consider; installed capacities, capacity utilisation, heat sources used, refrigerant replacements, refrigerant leakages, and wear of mechanical components. The major conclusion is that many of the large thirty-year-old heat pumps are still in operation, but with reduced capacity utilisation due to internal competition from waste and biomass cogeneration plants in the district heating systems.
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| 3. |
- Ge, Yue, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental OMICS: Current Status and Future Directions
- 2013
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF INTEGRATED OMICS. - : Proteomass Scientific Society. - 2182-0287. ; 3:2, s. 75-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Applications of OMICS to high throughput studies of changes of genes, RNAs, proteins, metabolites, and their associated functionsin cells or organisms exposed to environmental chemicals has led to the emergence of a very active research field: environmental OMICS.This developing field holds an important key for improving the scientific basis for understanding the potential impacts of environmentalchemicals on both health and the environment. Here we describe the state of environmental OMICS with an emphasis on its recent accomplishmentsand its problems and potential solutions to facilitate the incorporation of OMICS into mainstream environmental and healthresearch.Data sources: We reviewed relevant and recently published studies on the applicability and usefulness of OMICS technologies to the identificationof toxicity pathways, mechanisms, and biomarkers of environmental chemicals for environmental and health risk monitoring andassessment, including recent presentations and discussions on these issues at The First International Conference on Environmental OMICS(ICEO), held in Guangzhou, China during November 8-12, 2011. This paper summarizes our review.Synthesis: Environmental OMICS aims to take advantage of powerful genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics tools toidentify novel toxicity pathways/signatures/biomarkers so as to better understand toxicity mechanisms/modes of action, to identify/categorize/prioritize/screen environmental chemicals, and to monitor and predict the risks associated with exposure to environmental chemicalson human health and the environment. To improve the field, some lessons learned from previous studies need to be summarized, aresearch agenda and guidelines for future studies need to be established, and a focus for the field needs to be developed.Conclusions: OMICS technologies for identification of RNA, protein, and metabolic profiles and endpoints have already significantly improvedour understanding of how environmental chemicals affect our ecosystem and human health. OMICS breakthroughs are empoweringthe fields of environmental toxicology, chemical toxicity characterization, and health risk assessment. However, environmental OMICS is stillin the data generation and collection stage. Important data gaps in linking and/or integrating toxicity data with OMICS endpoints/profilesneed to be filled to enable understanding of the potential impacts of chemicals on human health and the environment. It is expected thatfuture environmental OMICS will focus more on real environmental issues and challenges such as the characterization of chemical mixturetoxicity, the identification of environmental and health biomarkers, and the development of innovative environmental OMICS approachesand assays. These innovative approaches and assays will inform chemical toxicity testing and prediction, ecological and health risk monitoringand assessment, and natural resource utilization in ways that maintain human health and protects the environment in a sustainable manner.
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| 4. |
- Gong, Mei, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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An assessment of district heating research in China
- 2015
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Ingår i: Renewable energy. - Kidlington : Pergamon Press. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 84, s. 97-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recent growth of the Chinese district heating sector has been very high. No other country in the world can show the same growth rate during the last decades. The heated building area increased six times between 1995 and 2008. China has also enjoyed strong growth of scientific articles and papers about district heating in recent years. One third of all international scientific journal articles and conference papers about district heating came from Chinese scientists during 2010–2012, while Swedish scientists accounted for one quarter according to the Scopus scientific search engine. It is important to identify the Chinese district heating research to judge the potential for future collaborative research on district heating systems between Sweden/Europe and China. The 205 international publications on district heating by Chinese scientists published until 2013 have been mapped and summarised with respect to demand, supply, technology, market and environment. More diversified heat supply with renewable source was grasping the Chinese interest, since many new systems have been established, having more degrees of freedom when choosing various heat supply and technology options. The Chinese district heating systems were compared with sustainable district heating solutions in Sweden. Both countries would benefit from future research cooperation. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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| 5. |
- Gong, Mei, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Coordination of exergy analysis and the MIND method - applied to a pulp and board mill
- 2004
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Ingår i: International Journal of Exergy. - 1742-8297 .- 1742-8300. ; 1:3, s. 289-302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The MIND (Method for analysis of INDustrial energy systems) method has been developed for cost optimisation of industrial energy systems, mainly with regard to quantities of energy. Exergy analysis reveals losses, efficiencies and possible improvements. These methods can be combined in order to improve industrial energy systems. In this paper, a Swedish pulp and board mill is used as a case study. The efficiencies of the processes in the mill are evaluated using exergy analysis. The most exergy inefficient processes are indicated and some improvements are suggested. This case study shows that it is the boilers and the evaporation plant that are the most inefficient processes, with efficiencies down to 29%. Different investment alternatives for these processes are studied and cost optimisation is achieved using the MIND method. The study shows that the energy costs can be reduced by up to 15 million Euros per year while the exergy efficiency can be improved by up to 14%. The combined approach shows that the energy cost-efficient alternatives are also usually exergy efficient.
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| 6. |
- Gong, Mei, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy and Exergy Analysis of District Heating Systems
- 2012
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Ingår i: 13th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. ; , s. 55-60
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of exergy is defined and applied to district heating systems. The influence from different reference state conditions and system boundaries are explained in some detail. The aim is to show the simplicity and value of using the concept of exergy when analyzing district heating processes. The exergy factor is introduced and applied for a number of Swedish and Danish district heating systems. This varies from 14.2% to 22.5% for Swedish district heating systems. The higher the exergy factor, the more the exergy losses in the passive conversion towards space heating. Large losses revealed in an exergy treatment of a process should be seen as a challenge to achieve technical improvements of the system.
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| 7. |
- Gong, Mei, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced Biomass CHP plants for district heating systems
- 2019
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Ingår i: Book of abstracts. - Aalborg : Aalborg Universitetsforlag. ; , s. 239-239
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, located in North Europa, more than half of the total heat demand in buildings is met by district heating, but only just above one-third of the heat supply comes from Combined Heat and Power. In this paper, a new enhancement of biomass CHP plant is explored. The modification is that a large absorption heat pump is used for the heat supply to the district heating network. This new solution has so far never been implemented outside China. The benefits will be more electricity from lower condenser pressure and more heat obtained from flue gas condensation. The drawback is that the absorption heat pump will require extracted steam that will decrease electricity generation. In order to estimate the offset between the two benefits and the drawback, a simplified model has been developed to study a typical Swedish biomass CHP plant located in Lund. This enhancement could be part of the transition from third generation district heating (3GDH) to fourth generation district heating system (4GDH) by introducing efficient heat supply plants in current systems with high distribution temperatures. Several cases studied concerning both 3GDH and 4GDH have been compared to reference cases. The results show that the enhancement is a possible way to prepare for future 4GDH. Further investigations are recommended concerning pre-investment in absorption heat pumps as a transition strategy for new CHP plants originally designed for return temperatures of 20-30 ºC.
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| 8. |
- Gong, Mei, 1967-
(författare)
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Exergy analysis of a pulp and paper mill
- 2005
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Ingår i: International Journal of Energy Research. - Chichester : John Wiley & Sons. - 0363-907X .- 1099-114X. ; 29:1, s. 79-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Different energy and exergy concepts and methods are presented and applied to a Swedish pulp and paper mill. Flow diagrams show that the exergy content is mostly much less than the energy content of the flows. The largest exergy losses appear in the boilers. Heating processes are highly exergy inefficient. A limited Life Cycle Exergy Analysis (LCEA) shows that the exergy output amounts to over 3 times the spent exergy as non-sustainable resources. By replacing the present use of non-sustainable resources, mostly fuel oil, the mill could move towards a truly sustainable process. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 9. |
- Gong, Mei, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Exergy analysis of network temperature levels in Swedish and Danish district heating systems
- 2015
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Ingår i: Renewable energy. - Kidlington : Pergamon Press. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 84, s. 106-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exergy concept is applied on district heating systems with different network temperature levels in their distribution networks. These district heating systems use a combination of renewables and heat recovery from other primary processes. The aim is to show simplicity and value of using exergy concept when comparing current and future temperature levels. Both the traditional exergy factor and the novel exergy utilisation rate are used in these analyses. Exergy utilisation rate expresses the ratio between the exergy delivered to customer heating systems and the exergy content in heat supply input to the distribution network. The analyses are performed on four different generations of district heating technologies, two national groups of district heating systems in Denmark and Sweden for revealing variations among systems, and two municipal systems for revealing variations within systems. The main conclusions are simplifications can be introduced in order to analyse the network temperature levels, current exergy factors reveal that current temperature levels can be reduced, and that almost two thirds of the exergy content in heat supply input are lost in the heat distribution chain. These conclusion will be vital input in developing the future fourth generation of district heating systems using both renewables and heat recovery. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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| 10. |
- Gong, Mei, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Exergy Analysis of the Supply of Energy and Material Resources in the Swedish Society
- 2016
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Ingår i: Energies. - Basel : M D P I AG. - 1996-1073. ; 9:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exergy is applied to the Swedish energy supply system for the period 1970–2013. Exergy flow diagrams for the systems of electricity and district heating as well as for the total supply system of energy and material resources for 2012 are presented. The share of renewable use has increased in both electricity and district heat production. The resource use is discussed in four sectors: residential and service, transportation, industry and agriculture. The resource use is also analyzed with respect to exergy efficiency and renewable share. The total exergy input of energy and material resources amounts to about 2700 PJ of which about 530 PJ was used for final consumption in 2012. The results are also compared with similar studies. Even though the share of renewable resource use has increased from 42% in 1980 to 47% in 2012, poor efficiency is still occurring in transportation, space heating, and food production. A strong dependence on fossil and nuclear fuels also implies a serious lack of sustainability. A more exergy efficient technology and a higher renewable energy share are needed in order to become a more sustainable society.
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