| 1. |
- Abedini, Fereshteh, 1989-
(författare)
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2D and 3D Halftoning for Appearance Reproduction
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The appearance of an object is determined by its chromatic and geometric qualities in its surrounding environment using four optical parameters: color, gloss, translucency, and surface texture. Reconstructing the appearance of objects is of great importance in many applications, including creative industries, packaging, fine-art reproduction, medical simulation, and prosthesis-making. Printers are reproduction devices capable of replicating objects’ appearance in 2D and 3D forms. With the introduction of new printing technologies, new inks and materials, and demands for innovative applications, creating accurate reproduction of the desired visual appearance has become challenging. Thus, the appearance reproduction workflow requires improvements and adaptations. Accurate color reproduction is a critical quality measure in reproducing the desired appearance in any printing process. However, printers are devices with a limited number of inks that can either print a dot or leave it blank at a specific position on a substrate; hence, to reproduce different colors, optimal placement of the available inks is needed. Halftoning is a technique that deals with this challenge by generating a spatial distribution of the available inks that creates an illusion of the target color when viewed from a sufficiently large distance. Halftoning is a fundamental part of the color reproduction task in any full-color printing pipeline, and it is an effective technique to increase the potential of printing realistic and complex appearances. Although halftoning has been used in 2D printing for many decades, it still requires improvements in reproducing fine details and structures of images. Moreover, the emergence of new technologies in 3D printing introduces a higher degree of freedom and more parameters to the field of appearance reproduction. Therefore, there is a critical need for extensive studies to revisit existing halftoning algorithms and develop novel approaches to produce high quality prints that match the target appearance faithfully. This thesis aims at developing halftoning algorithms to improve appearance reproduction in 2D and 3D printing. Contributions of this thesis in the 2D domain is a dynamic sharpness-enhancing halftoning approach, which adaptively varies the local sharpness of the halftone image based on different textures in the original image for realistic appearance printing. The results show improvements in halftone quality in terms of sharpness, preserving structural similarity, and decreasing color reproduction error. The main contribution of this thesis in 3D printing is extending a high quality 2D halftoning algorithm to the 3D domain. The proposed method is then integrated with a multi-layer printing approach, where ink is deposited at variable depths to improve the reproduction of tones and fine details. Results demonstrate that the proposed method accurately reproduces tones and details of the target appearance. Another contribution of this thesis is studying the effect of halftoning on the perceived appearance of 3D printed surfaces. According to the results, changing the dot placement based on the elevation variation of the underlying geometry can potentially control the perception of the 3D printed appearance. It implies that the choice of halftone may prove helpful in eliminating unwanted artifacts, enhancing the object’s geometric features, and producing a more accurate 3D appearance. The proposed methods in this thesis have been evaluated using different printing techniques.
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| 2. |
- Abedini, Fereshteh, et al.
(författare)
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3D Halftoning based on Iterative Method Controlling Dot Placement
- 2020
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Realistic appearance reproduction is of great importance in 3D printing’s applications. Halftoning as a necessary process in printing has a great impact on creating visually pleasant appearance. In this article, we study the aspects of adapting and applying Iterative Method Controlling Dot Placement (IMCDP) to halftone three-dimensional surfaces. Our main goal is to extend the 2D algorithm to a 3D halftoning approach with minor modifications. The results show high-quality reproduction for all gray tones. The 3D halftoning algorithm is not only free of undesirable artifacts, it also produces fully symmetric and wellformed halftone structures even in highlight and shadow regions.
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| 3. |
- Abedini, Fereshteh, et al.
(författare)
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Structure-Aware Color Halftoning with Adaptive Sharpness Control
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Imaging Science and Technology. - : I S & T-SOC IMAGING SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY. - 1062-3701 .- 1943-3522. ; 66:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Structure-aware halftoning algorithms aim at improving their non-structure-aware version by preserving high-frequency details, structures, and tones and by employing additional information from the input image content. The recently proposed achromatic structure-aware Iterative Method Controlling the Dot Placement (IMCDP) halftoning algorithm uses the angle of the dominant line in each pixels neighborhood as supplementary information to align halftone structures with the dominant orientation in each region and results in sharper halftones, gives a more three-dimensional impression, and improves the structural similarity and tone preservation. However, this method is developed only for monochrome halftoning, the degree of sharpness enhancement is constant for the entire image, and the algorithm is prohibitively expensive for large images. In this paper, we present a faster and more flexible approach for representing the image structure using a Gabor-based orientation extraction technique which improves the computational performance of the structure-aware IMCDP by an order of magnitude while improving the visual qualities. In addition, we extended the method to color halftoning and studied the impact of orientation information in different color channels on improving sharpness enhancement, preserving structural similarity, and decreasing color reproduction error. Furthermore, we propose a dynamic sharpness enhancement approach, which adaptively varies the local sharpness of the halftone image based on different textures across the image. Our contributions in the present work enable the algorithm to adaptively work on large images with multiple regions and different textures. (C) 2022 Society for Imaging Science and Technology.
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| 4. |
- Abedini, Fereshteh, et al.
(författare)
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Structure-Aware Halftoning Using the Iterative Method Controlling the Dot Placement
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Imaging Science and Technology. - : I S & T-SOC IMAGING SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY. - 1062-3701 .- 1943-3522. ; 65:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many image reproduction devices, such as printers, are limited to only a few numbers of printing inks. Halftoning, which is the process to convert a continuous-tone image into a binary one, is, therefore, an essential part of printing. An iterative halftoning method, called Iterative Halftoning Method Controlling the Dot Placement (IMCDP), which has already been studied by research scholars, generally results in halftones of good quality. In this paper, we propose a structure-based alternative to this algorithm that improves the halftone image quality in terms of sharpness, structural similarity, and tone preservation. By employing appropriate symmetrical and non-symmetrical Gaussian filters inside the proposed halftoning method, it is possible to adaptively change the degree of sharpening in different parts of the continuous-tone image. This is done by identifying a dominant line in the neighborhood of each pixel in the original image, utilizing the Hough Transform, and aligning the dots along the dominant line. The objective and subjective quality assessments verify that the proposed structure-based method not only results in sharper halftones, giving more three-dimensional impression, but also improves the structural similarity and tone preservation. The adaptive nature of the proposed halftoning method makes it an appropriate algorithm to be further developed to a 3D halftoning method, which could be adapted to different parts of a 3D object by exploiting both the structure of the images being mapped and the 3D geometrical structure of the underlying printed surface.
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| 5. |
- Abedini, Fereshteh, et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Halftoning on the Appearance of 3D Printed Surfaces
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Managing the final appearance of 3D surfaces is an interesting and essential topic in 3D printing applications. Knowledge about the parameters which influence the 3D surface reproduction quality enables engineers to achieve the final appearance as accurately as designed. Many studies have been conducted to explore numerous parameters that affect the quality of 3D surface reproduction. This work contributes to verifying the role of halftoning in increasing the 3D surface visual quality and the control over the surface appearance of a 3D printed object. The results show that applying different halftones according to the geometrical characteristics of the 3D surface could emphasize or diminish the perceived 3D geometrical structures of a shape. The experimental results are in line with the simulated outputs reported in previous work. Our findings might introduce a new approach towards having more control over 3D appearance reproduction without changing the material or printer settings.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Baravdish, George, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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A Variational Method for Image Reconstruction
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Conference on Inverse Problems in Engineering: Theory and Practice ICIPE 2008,2008. ; , s. 58:1-58:3
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 8. |
- Gooran, Sasan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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3D Surface Structures and 3D Halftoning
- 2020
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As 3D printing is becoming increasingly popular, the demand for high quality surface reproduction is also increasing. Like in 2D printing, halftoning plays an important role in the quality of the surface reproduction. Developing advanced 3D halftoning methods for 3D printing and adapting them to the structure of the surface is therefore essential for improving surface reproduction quality. In this paper, an extension of an iterative 2D halftoning method to 3D is used to apply different halftone structures on 3D surfaces. The results show that using different halftones based on the 3D geometrical structure of the surface and/or the viewing angle in combination with the structure of the texture being mapped on the surface can potentially improve the quality of the appearance of 3D surfaces.
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| 9. |
- Gooran, Sasan, 1965-
(författare)
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A Comprehensive Halftone Image Quality Evaluation of First- and Second-order FM Halftones
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Imaging Science and Technology. - Springfield, VA, United States : The Society for Imaging Science and Technology. - 1062-3701 .- 1943-3522. ; 66:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Halftoning is a crucial part of image reproduction in print. For large format prints, especially at higher resolutions, it is important to have very fast and computationally feasible halftoning methods of good quality. The authors have already introduced an approach to obtain image-independent threshold matrices generating both first- and second-order frequency modulated (FM) halftones with different clustered dot sizes. Predetermined and image-independent threshold matrices make the proposed halftoning method a point-by-point process and thereby very fast. In this article, they report a comprehensive quality evaluation of first- and second-order FM halftones generated by this technique and compare them with each other, employing several quality metrics. These generated halftones are also compared with error diffusion (ED) halftones employing two different error filters. The results indicate that the second-order FM halftoning with small clustered dot size performs best in almost all studied quality aspects than the first- and second-order FM halftoning with larger clustered dot size. It is also shown that the first- and second-order FM halftones with small clustered dot sizes are of almost the same quality as ED halftones using Floyd–Steinberg error filter and of higher quality than halftones generated by ED employing Jarvis, Judice, and Ninke error filter.
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| 10. |
- Gooran, Sasan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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A New Approach to Calculate Colour Values of Halftone Prints
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Printed dots appear bigger than their reference size in the original bitmap. This is because of the physical and optical dot gain. In order to overcome the problem original images are compensated for dot gain. The compensation is usually done by using a dot gain curve for each colour separation. In this paper we firstly show that using only one dot gain curve works well for black, but not for any of the other three colours, i.e. cyan, magenta or yellow. We also present a new approach to calculate colour values where three different curves are used for each colour separation. In order to evaluate the proposed approach we compare the results of our method with the results when only one dot gain curve is used for each colour, both for Murray-Davies and Yule-Nielsen models. In the case of only one dot gain curve for each separation we use the curve that gives a minimized ∆ELab using least squares method. The experiments and calculations show that our approach gives a better approximation of the resulting colour coordinates.
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