| 1. |
- Holzapfel, André, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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On the automatic identification of difficult examples for beat tracking : towards building new evaluation datasets
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP). - : IEEE conference proceedings. ; , s. 89-92
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, an approach is presented that identifies music samples which are difficult for current state-of-the-art beat trackers. In order to estimate this difficulty even for examples without ground truth, a method motivated by selective sampling is applied. This method assigns a degree of difficulty to a sample based on the mutual disagreement between the output of various beat tracking systems. On a large beat annotated dataset we show that this mutual agreement is correlated with the mean performance of the beat trackers evaluated against the ground truth, and hence can be used to identify difficult examples by predicting poor beat tracking performance. Towards the aim of advancing future beat tracking systems, we demonstrate how our method can be used to form new datasets containing a high proportion of challenging music examples.
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| 2. |
- Holzapfel, André, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Selective sampling for beat tracking evaluation
- 2012
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing. - : IEEE Press. - 1558-7916 .- 1558-7924. ; 20:9, s. 2539-2548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we propose a method that can identify challenging music samples for beat tracking without ground truth. Our method, motivated by the machine learning method "selective sampling," is based on the measurement of mutual agreement between beat sequences. In calculating this mutual agreement we show the critical influence of different evaluation measures. Using our approach we demonstrate how to compile a new evaluation dataset comprised of difficult excerpts for beat tracking and examine this difficulty in the context of perceptual and musical properties. Based on tag analysis we indicate the musical properties where future advances in beat tracking research would be most profitable and where beat tracking is too difficult to be attempted. Finally, we demonstrate how our mutual agreement method can be used to improve beat tracking accuracy on large music collections.
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| 3. |
- Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling the tendency for music to induce movement in humans : First correlations with low-level audio descriptors across music genres
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association. - 0096-1523 .- 1939-1277. ; 37:5, s. 1578-1594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Groove is often described as the experience of music that makes people tap their feet and want to dance. A high degree of consistency in ratings of groove across listeners indicates that physical properties of the sound signal contribute to groove [Madison (2006) Music Perception, 24, 201-208]. Here, correlations were assessed between listener's ratings and a number of quantitative descriptors of rhythmic properties for one hundred music examples from five distinct traditional music genres. Groove was related to several different rhythmic properties, some of which were genre-specific and some of which were general across genres. Two descriptors corresponding to the density of events between beats and the salience of the beat, respectively, were strongly correlated with groove across domains. In contrast, systematic deviations from strict positions on the metrical grid, so-called microtiming, did not play any significant role. The results are discussed from a functional perspective of rhythmic music to enable and facilitate entrainment and precise synchronisation among individuals.
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| 4. |
- Madison, Guy, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Musical groove is correlated with properties of the audio signal as revealed by computational modelling, depending on musical style
- 2009
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Ingår i: SMC 2009. - Porto : INESC. - 9789899557765 ; , s. 239-240
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With groove we mean the subjective experience of wanting to move rhythmically when listening to music. Previous research has indicated that physical properties of the sound signal contribute to groove - as opposed to mere association due to previous exposure, for example. Here, a number of quantitative descriptors of rhythmic and temporal properties were derived from the audio signal by means of computational modelling methods. The music examples were 100 samples from 5 distinct music styles, which were all unfamiliar to the listeners. Listeners’ ratings of groove were correlated with aspects of rhythmic patterning for Greek, Indian, Samba, and West African music. Microtiming was positively correlated with groove for Samba and negatively correlated with groove for Greek, but had very small unique contributions in addition to the rhythmical properties. For Jazz, none of the measured properties had any significant contributions to groove ratings.
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| 5. |
- Miron, Marius, et al.
(författare)
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Beat Station : A real-time rhythm annotation software
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Sound and Music Computing Conference (SMC) 2013. - : Sound and Music Computing. ; , s. 729-734
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes an open-source software for real-time rhythm annotation. The software integrates several modules for graphical user interface, user management across a network, tap recording, audio playing, midi interfacing and threading. It is a powerful tool for conducting listening tests, but can also be used for beat annotation of music or in a game setup. The parameters of this software, including the real-time constraints, are not pre-defined in the code but can be easily changed in a settings file. Finally, the framework used allows for scalability, as it was developed in openFrameworks. We show the usefulness of the software by applying it in a cross-cultural beat tapping experiment during the ISMIR 2012 conference. An analysis of the collected real-time annotations indicates that listeners encounter difficulties in synchronizing to music in presence of unfamiliar rhythmic structures and instrumental timbres.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Sioros, George, et al.
(författare)
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Syncopation and groove in polyphonic music : patterns matter
- 2022
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Ingår i: Music perception. - : University of California Press. - 0730-7829 .- 1533-8312. ; 39:5, s. 503-531
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Music often evokes a regular beat and a pleasurable sensation of wanting to move to that beat called groove. Recent studies show that a rhythmic pattern's ability to evoke groove increases at moderate levels of syncopation, essentially, when some notes occur earlier than expected. We present two studies that investigate that effect of syncopation in more realistic polyphonic music examples. First, listeners rated their urge to move to music excerpts transcribed from funk and rock songs, and to algorithmically transformed versions of these excerpts: 1) with the original syncopation removed and 2) with various levels of pseudo-random syncopation introduced. While the original excerpts were rated higher than the de-syncopated, the algorithmic syncopation was not as successful in evoking groove. Consequently, a moderate level of syncopation increases groove, but only for certain syncopation patterns. The second study provides detailed comparisons of the original and transformed rhythmic structures that revealed key differences between them in 1) the distribution of syncopation across instruments and metrical positions, 2) the counter-metre figures formed by the syncopating notes, and 3) the number of pickup notes. On this basis, we form four concrete hypotheses about the function of syncopation in groove, to be tested in future experiments.
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| 8. |
- Sioros, George, et al.
(författare)
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Syncopation creates the sensation of groove in synthesized music examples
- 2014
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to better understand the musical properties which elicit an increased sensation of wanting to move when listening to music groove we investigate the effect of adding syncopation to simple piano melodies, under the hypothesis that syncopation is correlated to groove. Across two experiments we examine listeners' experience of groove to synthesized musical stimuli covering a range of syncopation levels and densities of musical events, according to formal rules implemented by a computer algorithm that shifts musical events from strong to weak metrical positions. Results indicate that moderate levels of syncopation lead to significantly higher groove ratings than melodies without any syncopation or with maximum possible syncopation. A comparison between the various transformations and the way they were rated shows that there is no simple relation between syncopation magnitude and groove.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Zapata, Jose Ricardo, et al.
(författare)
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Assigning a confidence threshold on automatic beat annotation in large datasets
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ISMIR - International Conference on Music Information Retrieval. ; , s. 157-162
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we establish a threshold for perceptually acceptable beat tracking based on the mutual agreement of a committee of beat trackers. In the first step we use an existing annotated dataset to show that mutual agreement can be used to select one committee member as the most reliable beat tracker for a song. Then we conduct a listening test using a subset of the Million Song Dataset to establish a threshold which results in acceptable quality of the chosen beat output. For both datasets, we obtain a percent age of trackable music of about 73%, and we investigate which data tags are related to acceptable and problematic beat tracking. The results indicate that current datasets are biased towards genres which tend to be easy for beat tracking. The proposed methods provide a means to automatically obtain a confidence value for beat tracking in non-annotated data and to choose between a number of beat tracker outputs.
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