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| 2. |
- Dima, Danai, et al.
(författare)
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Subcortical volumes across the lifespan : Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Human Brain Mapping. - : Wiley. - 1065-9471 .- 1097-0193. ; 43:1, s. 452-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Age has a major effect on brain volume. However, the normative studies available are constrained by small sample sizes, restricted age coverage and significant methodological variability. These limitations introduce inconsistencies and may obscure or distort the lifespan trajectories of brain morphometry. In response, we capitalized on the resources of the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to examine age-related trajectories inferred from cross-sectional measures of the ventricles, the basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens), the thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala using magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 18,605 individuals aged 3-90 years. All subcortical structure volumes were at their maximum value early in life. The volume of the basal ganglia showed a monotonic negative association with age thereafter; there was no significant association between age and the volumes of the thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus (with some degree of decline in thalamus) until the sixth decade of life after which they also showed a steep negative association with age. The lateral ventricles showed continuous enlargement throughout the lifespan. Age was positively associated with inter-individual variability in the hippocampus and amygdala and the lateral ventricles. These results were robust to potential confounders and could be used to examine the functional significance of deviations from typical age-related morphometric patterns.
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| 3. |
- Frangou, Sophia, et al.
(författare)
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Cortical thickness across the lifespan : Data from 17,075 healthy individuals aged 3-90 years
- 2022
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Ingår i: Human Brain Mapping. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1065-9471 .- 1097-0193. ; 43:1, s. 431-451
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Delineating the association of age and cortical thickness in healthy individuals is critical given the association of cortical thickness with cognition and behavior. Previous research has shown that robust estimates of the association between age and brain morphometry require large-scale studies. In response, we used cross-sectional data from 17,075 individuals aged 3-90 years from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium to infer age-related changes in cortical thickness. We used fractional polynomial (FP) regression to quantify the association between age and cortical thickness, and we computed normalized growth centiles using the parametric Lambda, Mu, and Sigma method. Interindividual variability was estimated using meta-analysis and one-way analysis of variance. For most regions, their highest cortical thickness value was observed in childhood. Age and cortical thickness showed a negative association; the slope was steeper up to the third decade of life and more gradual thereafter; notable exceptions to this general pattern were entorhinal, temporopolar, and anterior cingulate cortices. Interindividual variability was largest in temporal and frontal regions across the lifespan. Age and its FP combinations explained up to 59% variance in cortical thickness. These results may form the basis of further investigation on normative deviation in cortical thickness and its significance for behavioral and cognitive outcomes.
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| 4. |
- Wierenga, Lara M., et al.
(författare)
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Greater male than female variability in regional brain structure across the lifespan
- 2022
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Ingår i: Human Brain Mapping. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1065-9471 .- 1097-0193. ; 43:1, s. 470-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For many traits, males show greater variability than females, with possible implications for understanding sex differences in health and disease. Here, the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Consortium presents the largest-ever mega-analysis of sex differences in variability of brain structure, based on international data spanning nine decades of life. Subcortical volumes, cortical surface area and cortical thickness were assessed in MRI data of 16,683 healthy individuals 1-90 years old (47% females). We observed significant patterns of greater male than female between-subject variance for all subcortical volumetric measures, all cortical surface area measures, and 60% of cortical thickness measures. This pattern was stable across the lifespan for 50% of the subcortical structures, 70% of the regional area measures, and nearly all regions for thickness. Our findings that these sex differences are present in childhood implicate early life genetic or gene-environment interaction mechanisms. The findings highlight the importance of individual differences within the sexes, that may underpin sex-specific vulnerability to disorders.
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| 5. |
- Eriksson, Mirva, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of grain size on ferroelectric domain and electrical properties of submicron sized sodium potassium niobate ceramics
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Piezoelectric ceramics of the composition Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN) with grain sizes in the range of 0.2 - 1 mm were fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering using normal pressure dies and a high pressure cell designed for pressures up to 500 MPa with the purpose of investigating the effect of grain size on domain structures and electrical properties. Optimized processing conditions enabled ceramics of high densities (>99.5%TD) to be made at T≥850°C. It was found that domain size decreases with decreasing grain size and that non-180° ferroelectric domains walls were still visible in 200 nm sized grains. The room temperature dielectric constant firstly increased with decreasing grain size and then decreased in the low grain size regime. The materials with finer grain size displayed a broad ferro-paraelectric phase transition and a depression of the dielectric maximum at the Curie point. They also displayed an increase in the coercive field and approximately unchanged remnant polarization. The material sintered at 850°C represents a very good candidate for lead-free piezoelectric applications, because of its high piezoelectric constant (d33 = 160±2 pC/N).
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| 6. |
- Eriksson, Mirva, et al.
(författare)
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Ferroelectric Domain Structures and Electrical Properties of Fine-Grained Lead-Free Sodium Potassium Niobate Ceramics
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of The American Ceramic Society. - : Wiley. - 0002-7820 .- 1551-2916. ; 94:10, s. 3391-3396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Piezoelectric ceramics of the composition Na(0.5)K(0.5)NbO(3) (NKN) with grain sizes in the range of 0.2-1 mu m were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Ferroelectric domain size decreases with decreasing grain size and non-180 degrees ferroelectric domains walls were still visible in 200 nm sized grains. The Curie point of the ceramics was grain size independent. This suggests that the critical grain size for a single domain single grain structure for NKN is <200 nm. Optimized processing conditions enabled ceramics of high densities (>99.5% theoretical density) to be made at T >= 850 degrees C. For the dense ceramics (grain size >= 350 nm), the room temperature dielectric constant and coercive field increased with decreasing grain size. The remnant polarization was grain size independent. The material sintered at 850 degrees C is a very good candidate for lead-free piezoelectric applications because of its high piezoelectric constant (d(33) = 160 +/- 2 pC/N).
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| 7. |
- Grüner, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Argon Ion Beam Polishing : A Preparation Technique for Evaluating the Interface of Osseointegrated Implants with High Resolution
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants. - 0882-2786 .- 1942-4434. ; 26:3, s. 547-552
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the use of ion beam polishing for preparing cross sections suitable for high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation of dental implants with a brittle porous oxide layer and of bone/implant interfaces. Materials and Methods: Thirteen Nobel Biocare TiUnite implants were placed in minipigs. After 4 weeks, the implant and surrounding bone were removed en bloc and the implant was cut axially into two halves. The cross section was then polished with an argon ion beam. Additionally, ion beam-polished cross sections were prepared from four as-received implants. Ion beam-polished surfaces were studied with a field emission SEM (FE-SEM). Results: With FE-SEM, up to 1 mm along the interface of ion beam-polished implant surfaces can be studied with a resolution of a few nanometers. Filled and unfilled pores of the porous TiUnite coating can be distinguished, providing information on pore accessibility. Implant-bone interfaces can be analyzed using backscattered electron images, where titanium, the oxide layer, mineralized extracellular matrix, and osteocyte lacunae/resin/soft tissue can easily be distinguished as a result of atomic number contrast and the sharp boundaries between the different materials. Filled and unfilled pores can be distinguished. Characterization of local chemistry is possible with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and bone growth into small pores (< 1 mu m) can be unambiguously confirmed. Conclusion: FE-SEM complements the established methods for the characterization of interfaces and bridges the wide gap in accessible length scale and resolution between the observations of mechanically polished interfaces by optical or scanning electron microscopes and the observation of focused ion beam-milled sections in a transmission electron microscope.
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| 8. |
- Gruner, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Direct Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging of Ferroelectric Domains After Ion Milling
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of The American Ceramic Society. - : Wiley. - 0002-7820 .- 1551-2916. ; 93:1, s. 48-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for directly observing the ferroelectric domain structure by scanning electron microscopy after argon ion milling has been established. Its advantages are exemplified by exposing the domain structure in three widely used ferroelectric ceramics, BaTiO3, (Na,K)NbO3, and Pb(Ti,Zr)O-3. Stable high-resolution images revealing domains with widths <30 nm have been obtained. The domain contrast is caused by electron channeling and is strongly dependent on the sample tilt angle. Owing to a strain- and defect-free surface generated by gentle ion milling, pronounced orientation contrast is observed.
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| 9. |
- Grüner, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Ordered coalescence of nano-crystals during rapid solidification of ceramic melts
- 2011
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Ingår i: CrystEngComm. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1466-8033. ; 13:17, s. 5303-5305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rapid cooling of an aluminosilicate-zirconia melt after laser sintering results in the formation of zirconia nano-crystals and dendritic zirconia crystals embedded in a glass matrix. The nano-crystals act as building blocks for the formation of non-faceted secondary crystals. Several secondary crystals built from two or a few nano-crystals with perfect structural coherence across the interface have been observed. Thus, the earliest states of these secondary crystals have been preserved by rapid cooling. Crystal growth can be described by a mechanism, ordered coalescence, which is characterized by self-assembly of nano-crystals combined with atom-by-atom growth and links classical and non-classical crystallization.
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| 10. |
- Kerkau, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Site Occupation Reversal in the C14 Laves Phase Nb(Cr1-xCox)2
- 2009
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Ingår i: Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeines Chemie. - : Wiley. - 0044-2313 .- 1521-3749. ; 635:4-5, s. 637-648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The C14 phase Nb(Cr1-xCox)(2) forms within a broad homogencity range of 0.127(3) <= x <= 0.937(8) at 1100 degrees C. The distribution of chromium and cobalt atoms on the crystallographic positions 2a and 6h has been studied by a single crystal structure analysis and a statistical mechanics approach using energies from firs-principles full potential electronic structure calculations. For the first time a preferential occupation of the minority component of the 2a site has been observed. The calculations support a preferential site occupation with a reversal close to equal chromium and cobalt content
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