| 1. |
- Adermon, Adrian, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding occupational wage growth
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a new identification strategy, we jointly estimate the growth in occupationalwage premia as well as time-varying occupation-specific life-cycle profiles for Swedishworkers 1996–2013. We document a substantial increase in between-occupation wageinequality due to differential growth in premia. The association of wage premiumgrowth and employment growth is positive, suggesting that premium growth ispredominantly driven by demand side factors. We also find that wage growth dueto occupation-specific skill acquisition was more dispersed in the early years of thesample period. Our results are robust to allowing for occupation-level changes inreturns to cognitive and psycho-social skills.
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| 2. |
- Edin, Per-Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Individual Consequences of Occupational Decline
- 2023
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Ingår i: Economic Journal. - : Oxford University Press. - 0013-0133 .- 1468-0297. ; 133:654, s. 2178-2209
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We assess the career earnings losses that individual Swedish workers suffered when their occupations' employment declined. High-quality data allow us to overcome sorting into declining occupations on various attributes, including cognitive and non-cognitive skills. Our estimates show that occupational decline reduced mean cumulative earnings from 1986-2013 by no more than 2%-5%. This loss reflects a combination of reduced earnings conditional on employment, reduced years of employment and increased time spent in unemployment and retraining. While on average workers successfully mitigated their losses, those initially at the bottom of their occupations' earnings distributions lost up to 8%-11%.
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| 3. |
- Ek, Simon
(författare)
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Structural Change, Match Quality, and Integration in the Labor Market
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay I: Are workers with poor outside opportunities less responsive and more susceptible to negative demand shifts in routine occupations? To answer this, I create and estimate an occupation specialization index (OSI) using Swedish register data and machine learning tools. It measures the expected difference in utility between a worker's occupation and his best non-routine outside option. This determines the loss he is willing to tolerate to avoid switching. Low-OSI employees disproportionately left routine work. Their future wage growth was akin to comparable workers initially in non-routine occupations. By contrast, routine specialists largely stayed put and experienced lower wage growth than generalists and non-routine specialists. Essay II (with Adrian Adermon, Georg Graetz, and Yaroslav Yakymovych): Using a new identification strategy, we jointly estimate the growth in occupational wage premia and time-varying occupation-specific life-cycle profiles for Swedish workers 1996–2013. We document a substantial increase in between-occupation wage inequality due to differential growth in premia. The association of wage premium growth and employment growth is positive, suggesting that premium growth is predominantly driven by demand side factors. Essay III (with Peter Fredriksson, Lena Hensvik, and Oskar Nordström Skans): We provide two pieces of evidence that workers' capacity to extract rents from match-specific productivity hinges on their outside options. Using a measure of match quality, derived from the relationship between workers' multidimensional skills and job-specific skill requirements, we show that: (i) wages within ongoing matches are more closely aligned with match quality following an improvement of local labor market conditions; (ii) wages of job-to-job movers are positively related to the match quality in the previous job, even when controlling for previous wage.Essay IV (with Mats Hammarstedt, and Per Skedinger): In a field experiment we study the causal effects of previous work experience and language skills when Syrian refugees in Sweden apply for low-skilled jobs. We find no evidence of sizeable effects from experience or completed language classes on the probability of receiving callback from employers. However, female applicants were more likely than males to receive a positive response. As a complement to the experiment, we interview a select number of employers.
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| 4. |
- Feng, Andy, et al.
(författare)
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A question of degree : The effects of degree class on labor market outcomes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 61, s. 140-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How does performance at university affect labor market outcomes? Employing a regression discontinuity design, we show that university degree class causally affects graduates' industry, wages, and earnings. Our sample consists of students at the London School of Economics, and our data combine administrative records with the Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education survey. We estimate that receiving a First Class degree instead of an Upper Second increases the probability of working in a high-wage industry by fourteen percentage points, leads to three percent higher wages, and yields two percent higher annual salaries. For the comparison between Upper and Lower Seconds, the corresponding figures are ten, seven, and four. Effects are larger for males and graduates of math-intensive degree programs. We show that this is consistent with a model of statistical discrimination, in which employers attach more importance to the degree class signal if it is more informative about underlying ability. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Feng, Andy, et al.
(författare)
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Training requirements, automation, and job polarisation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Economic Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0013-0133 .- 1468-0297. ; 130:631, s. 2249-2271
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyse how job training requirements interact with engineering complexity in shaping firms' automation decisions. A model that distinguishes between a task's engineering complexity and its training requirements predicts that when two tasks are equally complex, firms automate the task that requires more training. Under plausible conditions this leads to job polarisation, and in particular to polarisation of employment by initial training requirements. US data provide empirical support for the model's implications. Training requirements and a measure of engineering complexity account for much of US job polarisation from 1980 to 2008.
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| 6. |
- Graetz, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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Family background and the responses to higher SAT scores
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using discontinuities within the Swedish SAT system, we show that additional admission opportunities causally affect college choices. Students with high-educated parents change timing, colleges, and fields in ways that appear rational and informed. In contrast, very talented students with low-educated parents react to higher scores by increasing overall enrolment and graduation rates. Remarkably, most of this effect arises from increased participation in college programs and institutions that they could have attended even with a lower score. This suggests that students with low-educated parents face behavioral barriers even in a setting where colleges are tuition-free, student grants are universal and application systems are simple.
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| 7. |
- Graetz, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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Gender gap variation across assessment types : Explanations and implications
- 2022
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Ingår i: Economics of Education Review. - : Elsevier. - 0272-7757 .- 1873-7382. ; 91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using Swedish population data, we document that girls outperform boys by a third of a standard deviation in school grades, whereas a gap of similar magnitude but opposite sign persists in SAT scores in the sample of non-randomly selected test takers. We establish that grades capture different attributes than SAT scores, which accounts for much of the variation in gender gaps. A model of SAT participation illustrates how women's greater participation-driven by traits not rewarded by higher scores-leads to their negative selection on observed and unobserved traits. We explore the quantitative importance of this mechanism and conclude that while selection is important, it fails to account for a substantial fraction of the gender gap in SAT scores, suggesting the possibility that the SAT penalizes women.
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| 8. |
- Graetz, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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Is Modern Technology Responsible for Jobless Recoveries?
- 2017
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Ingår i: The American Economic Review. - : AMER ECONOMIC ASSOC. - 0002-8282 .- 1944-7981. ; 107:5, s. 168-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the early 1990s, recoveries from recessions in the US have been plagued by weak employment growth. We investigate whether a similar problem afflicts other developed economies, and whether technology is a culprit. We study recoveries from 71 recessions in 28 industries and 17 countries from 1970-2011. We find that though GDP recovered more slowly after recent recessions, employment did not. Industries that used more routine tasks, and those more exposed to robotization, did not recently experience slower employment recoveries. Finally, middle-skill employment did not recover more slowly after recent recessions, and this pattern was no different in routine-intensive industries.
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| 9. |
- Graetz, Georg
(författare)
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On the interpretation of diploma wage effects estimated by regression discontinuity designs
- 2021
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Ingår i: Canadian Journal of Economics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0008-4085 .- 1540-5982. ; 54:1, s. 228-258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several recent papers employ regression discontinuity (RD) designs to estimate the causal effect of a diploma or similar credentials on wages. I build a model of knowledge acquisition, test-taking, and labour market careers that mimics the settings studied in these papers. I show that a positive RD estimate is evidence for information frictions in the labour market, but caution that the relative importance of acquired knowledge and innate talent in the production function cannot be separately identified. While a positive RD estimate does not reveal whether students study too much or too little compared to the social optimum, the rate at which RD estimates decline with labour market experience indicates the speed of employer learning, a parameter that is critical for the extent of inefficiency in study choices. Resume Interpretation des effets salariaux d'un diplome : evaluations par modeles de regression sur discontinuite. Plusieurs articles recents utilisent des modeles de regression sur discontinuite (RD) afin d'evaluer l'incidence salariale d'un diplome ou de toute autre qualification similaire. Ici, j'ai elabore un modele relatif a l'acquisition des connaissances, au passage des examens et aux carrieres professionnelles dont les parametres sont calques sur ceux des RD etudies dans cet article. Je montre que lorsqu'un modele RD etablit une relation positive, cela soutient l'idee qu'il existe des frictions informationnelles sur le marche du travail, meme si l'importance relative des connaissances acquises et des talents innes en rapport avec la fonction productive ne peut etre distinguee. Et tandis qu'un modele RD positif n'indique en aucun cas si les etudiants ont suffisamment travaille ou non par rapport a l'optimum social, la rapidite a laquelle les modeles RD decroissent avec l'experience professionnelle montrent la vitesse a laquelle les employeurs jaugent les aptitudes des employes, un parametre essentiel pour comprendre l'ampleur de l'inefficacite des choix en matiere d'etudes.
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| 10. |
- Graetz, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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Robots at Work
- 2018
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Ingår i: Review of Economics and Statistics. - : MIT Press - Journals. - 0034-6535 .- 1530-9142. ; 100:5, s. 753-768
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze for the first time the economic contributions of modern industrial robots, which are flexible, versatile, and autonomous machines. We use novel panel data on robot adoption within industries in seventeen countries from 1993 to 2007 and new instrumental variables that rely on robots' comparative advantage in specific tasks. Our findings suggest that increased robot use contributed approximately 0.36 percentage points to annual labor productivity growth, while at the same time raising total factor productivity and lowering output prices. Our estimates also suggest that robots did not significantly reduce total employment, although they did reduce low-skilled workers' employment share.
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