| 1. |
- Kukkonen, J., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Shipping Emissions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Springer Proceedings in Complexity. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2213-8684 .- 2213-8692. ; , s. 329-336
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a new concept for marine research, applied in the EU-funded project EMERGE, “Evaluation, control and Mitigation of the EnviRonmental impacts of shippinG Emissions” (2020–2024; https://emerge-h2020.eu/ ). For the first time, both the various marine and atmospheric impacts of the shipping sector have been and will be comprehensively analyzed, using a concerted modelling and measurements framework. The experimental part of the project focuses on five European geographical case studies in different ecologically vulnerable regions, and a mobile onboard case study. The EMERGE consortium has also developed a harmonised and integrated modelling framework to assess the combined impacts of shipping emissions, both (i) on the marine ecosystems and (ii) the atmospheric environment. The first results include substantial refinements of a range of models to be applied, especially those for the STEAM and OpenDrift models. In particular, the STEAM (Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model) model has been extended to allow for the effects of atmospheric and oceanographic factors on the fuel consumption and emissions of the ships. The OpenDrift model has been improved to take into account the partitioning, degradation, and volatilization of pollutants in water. The predicted emission and discharge values have been used as input for both regional scale atmospheric dispersion models, such as WRF-CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting—Community Multiscale Air Quality Model) and SILAM (System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric composition), and water quality and circulation models, such as OpenDrift (Open source model for the drifting of substances in the ocean) and Delft3D (oceanographic model). The case study regions are Eastern Mediterranean, Northern Adriatic Sea, the Lagoon of Aveiro, the Solent Strait and the Öresund Strait. We have also conducted a substantial part of the experimental campaigns scheduled in the project. The final assessment will include the benefits and costs of control and mitigation options affecting water quality, air pollution exposure, health impacts, climate forcing, and ecotoxicological effects and bioaccumulation of pollutants in marine biota.
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| 2. |
- Picone, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) discharge waters on planktonic biological indicators
- 2023
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems (EGCS), operating in open-loop mode, continuously release acidic effluents (scrubber waters) to marine waters. Furthermore, scrubber waters contain high concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and alkylated PAHs, potentially affecting the plankton in the receiving waters. Toxicity tests evidenced significant impairments in planktonic indicators after acute, early-life stage, and long-term exposures to scrubber water produced by a vessel operating with high sulphur fuel. Acute effects on bacterial bioluminescence (Aliivibrio fischeri), algal growth (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Dunaliella tertiolecta), and copepod survival (Acartia tonsa) were evident at 10 % and 20 % scrubber water, while larval development in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) showed a 50 % reduction at ∼5 % scrubber water. Conversely, larval development and reproductive success of A. tonsa were severely affected at scrubber water concentrations ≤1.1 %, indicating the risk of severe impacts on copepod populations which in turn may result in impairment of the whole food web.
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| 3. |
- Selck, H., et al.
(författare)
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Impact of sediment organic matter quality on the fate and effects of fluoranthene in the infaunal brittle star Amphiura filiformis
- 2005
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Ingår i: Marine Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-1136. ; 59:1, s. 19-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrophobic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) readily adsorb to organic matter. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of the quality of sedimentary organic matter for the uptake, biotransformation and toxicity of the PAH, fluoranthene (Flu), in the infaunal brittle star Amphiura filiformis. Brittle stars were exposed to a base sediment covered by a 2 cm Flu-spiked top layer (30 mug Flu/g dry wt. sed.), enriched to the same total organic carbon content with either refractory or labile organic matter. The labile carbon source was concentrated green flagellate: Tetraselmis spp. The refractory carbon source was lignin from a paper mill. Tissue concentrations of Flu both in disk and arm-fractions were determined as total Flu, parent Flu (i.e. untransformed), aqueous Flu-metabolites, polar Flu-metabolites and tissue residue Flu (i.e. unextractable). Our results showed that sediment particle ingestion is a pathway by which Flu can enter benthic food webs. Flu toxicity (measured as arm-regeneration), but not net accumulation, was dependent on the nutritional quality of the ingested sediment particles. Flu bioaccumulation could not be attributed solely to equilibrium partitioning between organism lipid content and organic content of the sediment. Biotransformation of Flu by brittle stars was very limited and unaffected by organic matter quality. A. filiformis contributed to the downward transport of Flu from the surface sediment to the burrow lining. The limited breakdown of parent Flu by brittle stars and/or microorganisms was relatively higher in burrows compared to surface sediment, and highest in the presence of labile organic matter. Tissue concentrations were higher in disk than in arms, but the proportion of metabolic products relative to parent Flu was higher in arms than in the disk fraction. We estimate that the yearly mobilization of sediment-associated Flu by arm-regeneration in A. filiformis is in the range of 3.8-29.4 mug total Flu eq. m(-2) year(-1) at a sediment concentration of 30 mug Flu/g dry wt. sed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Granberg, Maria E., 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Bioturbation-driven release of sediment-associated contaminants in the Baltic Sea mediated by the invading polychaete Marenzelleria neglecta
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. ; 42:4, s. 1058-1065
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Baltic Sea sediments are among the world’s most polluted regarding eutrophication and contamination. Eutrophicationinduced hypoxia hascauseddepletion of bioturbatingmacrofauna in vast areas, producing laminated sediments. We investigated if reoxygenation and colonization by the invading deepburrowing polychaete Marenzelleria neglecta may cause an augmented contaminant release from Baltic Sea sediments. Intact laminated sediment cores were exposed either to in situ hypoxia, reoxygenation, or reoxygenation combined with bioturbating M. neglecta. The release fluxes of particleassociated (NPart) and dissolved (NDiss) PCBs and chlorinated pesticide residues (POPs) were quantified (GC-ECD) after 85 d along with contaminant concentrations in sediment and biota. Lavoisier-based mass transfer coefficients (Kf) were calculated from NDiss. Sediment contaminant concentrations were high (ΣPCB7: 42–52 ng gsediment -1 dw) due to emissions from Stockholm. NDiss always exceeded NPart by an order of magnitude. Bioturbation enhanced NDiss and Kf from hypoxic sediments 0.7 – 3 times while reoxygenation alone had no significant effect. M. neglecta accumulated low amounts of contaminants but significantly stimulated aquatic release of bioavailable sequestered contaminants. Bioturbation should be included in aquatic contaminant fate models. We advise to consider quiescent pollutant sources and possible ecological shiftswhenaimingtorestoreeutrophicatedaquaticenvironments.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Granberg, Maria E., 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Relative importance of macrofaunal burrows for the microbial mineralization of pyrene in marine sediments: impact of macrofaunal species and organic matter quality
- 2005
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Ingår i: Marine Ecology-Progress Series. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 288, s. 59-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The significance of macrofaunal burrows for microbial organic matter mineralization is well recognized. However, despite the importance of marine sediments as main sinks for organic particle-reactive contaminants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the significance of biogenic structures for microbial pollutant mineralization is largely unknown. We measured microbial mineralization of the PAH pyrene in different sediment compartments (surface, burrow and reduced bulk sediments) as a function of contamination history (uncontaminated and pyrene-exposed), macrofaunal species (Amphiura filiformis and Nereis diversicolor) and sediment organic matter quality (labile Tetraselmis sp. and refractory lignin). Sediments were exposed to combinations of the 3 factors for 43 d, after which sediment samples from the 3 compartments were incubated for radio-respirometric measurements in C-14-pyrene-coated flasks to monitor (CO2)-C-14 production (i.e. pyrene mineralization) for 128 d. Pyrene exposure enhanced microbial pyrene mineralization (MPM) rates by an order of magnitude in all compartments, signifying MPM as inducible. MPM rates increased successively from reduced bulk to burrow and surface sediments in uncontaminated treatments, while MPM rates were highest in burrows when exposed to pyrene. This emphasizes the oxygen dependence of MPM and pinpoints burrows as MPM hot spots. Enrichment with labile organic matter doubled MPM rates in pyrene-exposed surface sediment, likely fertilizing MPM where oxygen is readily available. Burrow sediment MPM rates were doubled with A, filiformis, suggesting species-specific stimulation of the microbial community within the burrows. In conclusion, burrow sediment appears to be at least as important as surface sediment for microbial PAH degradation in marine sediments. Furthermore, macrofaunal biodiversity, sedimentation events and the trophic state of the system should be taken into account when the fate and effects of organic contaminants are assessed in marine systems.
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| 7. |
- Granberg, Maria E., 1971
(författare)
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Role of sediment organic matter quality and benthic organisms for the fate of organic contaminants in marine systems
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Marine sediments constitute important contaminant sources within our environment. Organic matter input to marine sediments changes seasonally in terms of both quantity and quality, and has been profoundly altered in many coastal areas due to eutrophication. Current risk assessment models consider the quantity but not the quality of sedimentary organic matter when estimating bioaccumulation of sediment-associated organic contaminants. The aim of this thesis is to investigate some aspects of the role of sediment organic matter (SOM) quality in determining bioaccumulation and metabolism of organic contaminants in marine sedimentary macro-invertebrates, and in modulating contaminant distribution and biodegradation in different sediment compartments (surface, burrow, and bulk sediments). The organic contaminants studied are the polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pyrene and fluoranthene and the polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) 3,3’,4,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB). All contaminants except fluoranthene were accumulated to a greater extent with high SOM quality (high in nitrogen and amino acids) in the brittle star Amphiura filiformis, the ragworm Nereis diversicolor and the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae. Lack of coupling between SOM quality and flouranthene accumulation in A. filiformis was likely due to combined negative effects of sediment hypoxia and fluoranthene itself, hampering feeding and lowering general organism health. Enhanced bioaccumulation of pyrene in H. ulvae was caused by increased ingestion rate (IR) rather than by greater selectivity or absorption efficiency (AE) in relation to high quality SOM. Thus, IR is suggested to determine observed SOM quality related bioaccumulation. Further, absorption rate, the product of AE and IR, may better than AE predict digestive contaminant accumulation. Macrofaunal PAH metabolism was highest in N. diversicolor (H. ulvae was not tested), and remained unaffected by SOM quality. A. filiformis metabolized both PAHs, although pyrene to a greater extent. Our results suggest that bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants, and subsequent trophic contaminant transfer should increase following labile organic matter input, such as after phytoplankton blooms. Sedimentary contaminant distribution and microbial biodegradation depended on SOM quality and macrofauna combined. SOM quality acted on microbes through altered sedimentary oxygen conditions and macrofaunal behaviour. All contaminants were transferred from surface sediments and incorporated in burrow sediment by the organisms, while bulk sediment concentrations remained low. Microbial pyrene mineralization (MPM) depended greatly on previous contaminant exposure, and increased with sedimentary oxygen availability from bulk to burrow and surface sediments. Surface sediment MPM rates were stimulated by high quality SOM and inhibited by faunal presence, suggesting contaminant burial and competition for organic matter between macro- and micro-organisms. Remarkably, burrow sediment MPM rates greatly exceeded those measured in surface sediment with low quality SOM and A. filiformis specifically. Thus highlighting macrofaunal burrows, along with surface sediments, as important sites for sedimentary organic contaminant mineralization. The results suggest that fate and effects of sediment-associated organic contaminants should not be assessed without considering sedimentary macrofaunal species composition and the trophic state of the system. Furthermore, integrated approaches, where effects of combined variables are investigated, are suggested to be applied in future ecotoxicological research.
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| 8. |
- Granberg, Maria E., 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Role of sediment organic matter quality and feeding history in dietary absorption and accumulation of pyrene in the mud snail (Hydrobia ulvae)
- 2006
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - 0730-7268. ; 25:4, s. 995-1006
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic matter (OM) input to marine sediments varies seasonally both in quantity and quality. Because sedimentary OM (SOM) constitutes food for many benthic organisms, its properties should affect the dietary uptake of sediment-associated contaminants. We explored the effect of SOM quality/food value on short- and long-term pyrene accumulation in the mud snail (Hydrobia ulvae) and performed dual-tracer pulse-chase experiments to investigate the feeding mechanisms driving dietary pyrene uptake. The quality of the SOM was manipulated by enriching sediments either with high-quality microalgae or low-quality lignin, adding equal amounts of total organic carbon. Long- and short-term bioaccumulation increased with increasing SOM quality, as did pyrene ingestion rate (IRPYR) which also was affected by feeding history. By feeding selectively, snails concentrated pyrene 10-fold in ingested compared to ambient sediment, independent of SOM quality. Average pyrene absorption efficiency (AE(pyr): similar to 65%) varied inversely with SOM quality and IRPYR,. Both AE(pyr), and gut passage time (alpha I/lRpyr) agreed with theoretical models incorporating the time-dependence of absorption efficiency. Thus, SOM quality moderates dietary contaminant uptake in deposit feeders, and in H. ulvae, this occurs via OM-induced alterations of ingestion rate. Consequently, enhanced sediment-associated contaminant uptake is predicted for deposit feeders following phytoplankton blooms, principally because of OM quality-driven increases in the ingestion rate.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Mattsson, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of pre-treatment methods and heavy density liquids to optimize microplastic extraction from natural marine sediments
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ubiquitous occurrence of anthropogenic particles, including microplastics in the marine environment, has, over the last years, gained worldwide attention. As a result, many methods have been developed to estimate the amount and type of microplastics in the marine environment. However, there are still no standardized protocols for how different marine matrices should be sampled or how to extract and identify these particles, making meaningful data comparison hard. Buoyant microplastics are influenced by winds and currents, and concentrations could hence be expected to be highly variable over time. However, since both high density and most of the initially buoyant microplastics are known to eventually sink and settle on the seafloor, marine sediments are proposed as a suitable matrix for microplastics monitoring. Several principles, apparatuses, and protocols for extracting microplastics from marine sediments have been presented, but extensive comparison of the different steps in the protocols using real environmental samples is lacking. Thus, in this study, different pre-treatment and subsequent density separation protocols for extraction of microplastics from replicate samples of marine sediment were compared. Two pre-treatment methods, one using inorganic chemicals (NaClO+KOH+Na4P2O7) and one using porcine pancreatic enzymes, as well as one with no pre-treatment of the sediment, were compared in combination with two commonly used high-density saline solutions used for density separation, sodium chloride (NaCl) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). Both pre-treatment methods effectively removed organic matter, and both saline solutions extracted lighter plastic particles such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). The most efficient combination, chemical pre-treatment and density separation with ZnCl2, was found to extract>15 times more particles (≥100µm) from the sediment than other treatment combinations, which could largely be explained by the high presence and efficient extraction of PVC particles. © 2022. The Author(s).
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