| 1. |
- Granbom, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Students' explanation : Wider variety of teaching methods increases motivation and give higher results in biology
- 2019
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Ingår i: NorDiNa: Nordic Studies in Science Education. - : University of Oslo Library. - 1504-4556 .- 1894-1257. ; 15:2, s. 193-205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to a previous study, results in one topic within an Upper Secondary School Biology course were increased due to student centered, formative working methods. The current study investigates student's perspective on the reasons for the observed increase in performance through focus group discussions. According to the findings, there was not a single factor explaining the increased result, but students felt more motivated during the topic, mainly due to the increased variation in working methods, ways to learn, and examination format. By phrasing goals in their own words and planning activities in order to achieve goals, transparency increased, and the students felt met at their level of prior knowledge. By allowing students to suggest and choose their own working methods that met individual learning styles, students were more interested in the material and motivated to learn. Having an oral examination in a science subject was new to the students. The oral examination added variation to the assessment format and the way students had to prepare for the assessment, which, in turn, influenced the increase in the assessment results. Formative methods may be more applicable in certain topics, and practical implications are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Berglund, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Prerequisites for Policy and Practice in School–University Partnerships in Sweden : Short- and Long-Term Incentives for Taking Responsibility
- 2024
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Ingår i: Creating, Sustaining, and Enhancing Purposeful School-University Partnerships : Building Connections Across Diverse Educational Systems - Building Connections Across Diverse Educational Systems. - 9789819988402 - 9789819988372 - 9789819988389 ; , s. 301-318
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Teacher education for upper secondary school in Sweden is mainly university-based but with parts of the studies as school-based courses. To tackle the main obstacles to pre-service teachers’ placements, and to strengthen collaboration regarding quality and collaborative research, a new national policy is being implemented, which changes the prerequisites for collaboration between schools and universities. This chapter presents an overview of how policy and practice affect incentives in terms of short- and long-term goals of the various actors in collaborations between schools and Lund University. Through an example of practising teachers taking ownership of research, we outline the prerequisites and possibilities for such initiatives to help mend the gaps between schools and university. Tensions can arise, expressed in the form of difficulties in bridging gaps between regulations, prerequisites, and views on knowledge. We aim to find our way forward using the new policy as a stepping stone. We use frame-factor perspectives to reflect on how to navigate in relation to various incentives and goals in policy and practice, and how to induce common responsibility for students’ school-based education and collaborative research to develop proactive long-term planning in which tension and concerns can be averted.
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| 3. |
- Frögren, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics and Attitudinal Changes of Senior Citizens and Persons with Functional Impairments Involved in a Citizen Science Project on Housing Accessibility
- 2023
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Ingår i: Citizen Science: Theory and Practice. - 2057-4991. ; 8:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Citizen Science (CS) projects targeting senior citizens and persons with functional impairments are rare, and interest among citizens to become involved in such remains uncertain. There is a lack of systematic analyses as to what distinguishes citizens’ willingness to contribute, and what such involvement could lead to in terms of acquired skills or changed attitudes. Based on a Swedish CS project on housing accessibility – the Housing Experiment (HX) – this study aimed to investigate: 1) the characteristics of senior citizens and persons with functional impairments involved in the HX; and 2) changes in attitudes and mobile digital literacy after completing the HX. Data were collected via online questionnaires before and after the HX (N = 147), and were analyzed statistically. The response rates were lower than anticipated. Study participants completing the HX reported high levels of mobile digital literacy and functional ability, and a higher education level than the general Swedish population. The only attitudinal change was that significantly more participants rated the importance of housing accessibility lower after their involvement in the HX compared with those rating it higher. This study confirms indications from previous studies that limitations in mobile digital literacy and functional ability affect the willingness and ability to get involved in research. Further research is warranted to investigate how similar CS projects could be designed to attract more participants and to create the conditions for greater gains for citizen scientists.
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| 4. |
- Granbom, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Food limitation during breeding in a heterogeneous landscape
- 2006
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Ingår i: The Auk. - 0004-8038. ; 123:1, s. 97-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Breeding success in birds may be determined by the availability of food that parents can provide to growing nestlings. A standard method for testing the occurrence of food limitation is to provide supplemental food during different parts of the breeding period. If there is spatial variation in the strength of food limitation, the effect of such an experiment should also vary spatially. We investigated whether the strength of food limitation during nestling rearing in the European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) was related to the management intensity of agricultural landscapes. We fed birds mealworms during the nestling period in landscapes with high or low local availability of pasture, the preferred foraging habitat. Both habitat and food supplementation affected growth and survival of nestlings; the effects of the food-supplementation experiment were generally stronger than those of habitat. Mortality mainly struck the last-hatched chick. Both habitat and food supplementation positively affected nestling growth, measured as nestling tarsus length. In addition, food supplementation positively affected feather growth and asymptotic mass. Contrary to expectation, no interactions existed between effects of habitat and food supplementation, which suggests that breeding success was limited by food availability in both landscapes. Potential reasons for this lack of effect are parental compensation and low statistical power. Also, breeding densities were higher in landscapes with more pastures, possibly equalizing the per-capita availability of food. Thus, our results demonstrate that reproductive success was limited by availability of food when local availability of preferred foraging habitat was either low or high, but fail to demonstrate spatial variation in the strength of food limitation.
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| 5. |
- Granbom, Martin
(författare)
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Growth conditions and individual quality in starlings
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Variation in growth conditions during ontogeny may result in permanent differences in individual quality. This thesis focuses on how starlings are affected by environmental variation during the nestling period. Both landscape differences in food availability and experimental food supplementation affected survival and growth of nestlings. During benign conditions, nestlings reached a larger morphological size, which is suggested to have long-term fitness consequences. Nestling immune capacity was affected by food conditions during the first week of life. In addition there was a relationship between immune capacity and the current condition of ten-day-old nestlings. The effects of early growth conditions on immune capacity did not persist into adult life, since the strength of the immune response was not repeatable over time. There was no significant heritability of cell-mediated immune response. In addition, there was no effect of mounting a cell-mediated immune response on subsequent growth of nestlings. For females, breeding-time is a trait repeatable between years, but not affected by additive genetic variation. It was therefore selected as a target trait to study permanent environmentally caused variation in life-history traits. To investigate if late-breeding females lay small clutches because they are of poor quality, I experimentally delayed breeding of starling females. Females responded to the delay by laying smaller clutches consisting of smaller eggs than that of control females. However, clutches were larger than what expected from the seasonal trend demonstrating that early laying females are of higher quality. In addition a breeding delay decreased the female return rate, suggesting a cost of breeding late.
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| 6. |
- Granbom, Marianne, et al.
(författare)
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Involving Members of the Public to Develop a Data Collection App for a Citizen Science Project on Housing Accessibility Targeting Older Adults
- 2023
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Ingår i: Citizen Science - Theory and Practise. - 2057-4991. ; 8:1, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: While citizen science approaches are emerging within both social and health sciences, projects aimed at improving the living conditions of older adults remain rare. To enable forward-looking housing provision for the ageing population, valid and detailed information is needed on environmental barriers in the housing stock. Moreover, to promote active ageing and avoid involuntary moves to residential care facilities, there is a need for both increased public knowledge and raised awareness about accessible housing among older adults. Thus, Swedish senior citizens were engaged in a citizen science project—the Housing Experiment 2021—using a smartphone application to report environmental barriers in dwellings. Aim: This paper describes in detail the process by which varied members of the public participated to develop an application that assured reliable data collection of environmental barriers by older adults. Methods and Results: The scientific foundation for the app was the Housing Enabler. The development process comprised six iterative phases including participatory activities, namely, developing a citizen science version of the Housing Enabler; developing a print mock-up; developing an app prototype; testing and improving usability; beta version testing for reliability; final tests; and finishing touches. Discussion: Through an iterative development process involving researchers, professionals, and members of the public, a reliable app suitable for senior citizens was created. The results can serve as an inspiration for development protocols increasing the involvement of older adults in app development as well as for citizen science projects targeting older adults.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, Jan-Åke, et al.
(författare)
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Does the strength of an immune response reflect its energetic cost?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Avian Biology. - 0908-8857. ; 38:4, s. 488-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The energetic cost of immune responses has been proposed to be an important basis for trade-offs between life-history traits, such as between survival and reproduction. A critical assumption of this hypothesis is that the magnitude of the energetic cost increases with the strength of an immune response, so that energy can be saved by partly suppressing a response. Here, we test this assumption experimentally. The immune system of great tits Parus major was experimentally activated by injecting different doses of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the wing web. We found the resting metabolic rate of immune challenged birds to increase by 5%. However, although great tits injected with a high dose had a stronger immune response, this was not paralleled by a higher metabolic rate. Thus, we found the energetic cost of the immune response to be relatively low and not dose-dependent. This suggests to us that the energetic cost of immune responses cannot form the basis for trade-offs between life-history traits.
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| 9. |
- Smith, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Carotenoid and protein supplementation have differential effects on pheasant ornamentation and immunity
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary biology. - : Wiley. - 1420-9101 .- 1010-061X. ; 20:1, s. 310-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A currently popular hypothesis states that the expression of carotenoid-dependent sexual ornaments and immune function may be correlated because both traits are positively affected by carotenoids. However, such a correlation may arise for another reason: it is well known that immune function is dependent on nutritional condition. A recent study has suggested that the expression of ornaments may too depend on nutritional condition, as males in good nutritional condition are better at assimilating and/or modulating carotenoids. Thus, carotenoid-dependent ornaments and immune function may be correlated because both are dependent on nutritional condition. To elucidate if, and how, ornamentation and immune function are linked, pheasant diets were supplemented with carotenoid and/or protein in a fully factorial experiment. Carotenoid treatment affected wattle coloration and tail growth, but not cellular or humoral immunity. Immunity was unrelated to males' initial ornamentation including wattle colour. Males in better body condition, measured as residual mass, increased their wattle coloration more when carotenoid supplemented. Protein positively affected humoral but not cellular immunity, but had no effect on ornaments. Cellular, but not humoral, immunity increased with male body condition. Thus, there was no evidence that an immune-stimulatory effect of carotenoids resulted in wattle coloration honestly signalling immune function, but wattle coloration may still signal male body condition.
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| 10. |
- Tobler, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Maternal androgens in the pied flycatcher; timing of breeding and within-female consistency
- 2007
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Ingår i: Oecologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-1939 .- 0029-8549. ; 151:4, s. 731-740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maternal hormones can have substantial phenotypic effects in the progeny of many vertebrates. It has been proposed that mothers adaptively adjust hormone levels experienced by particular young to optimize their reproductive output. In birds, systematic variation in egg hormone levels has been related to different female reproductive strategies. Because in many bird species prospects of the offspring change seasonally and with brood number, strategic adjustment of yolk androgen levels would be expected. To test this idea, we induced pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) females to nest twice during the same season by removing their first clutches shortly after clutch completion. We collected eggs of first and replacement clutches to measure yolk concentrations of androstenedione (A4) and testosterone (T) and captured the females that laid these clutches for phenotypic measurements. Although average egg androgen levels were remarkably consistent within females, hormone patterns differed considerably between first and replacement clutches. Eggs of replacement clutches were heavier with larger yolks compared to first clutches, but they contained on average lower levels of androgens. Within clutches, androgen concentration increased over the laying sequence in the first clutch, but decreased or remained more constant over the laying sequence in the replacement clutch. Mean yolk T, but not A4 levels, were negatively associated with laying date for both breeding attempts. Moreover, females in good body condition produced eggs containing lower levels of androgens than females in poor condition. Our results are consistent with the idea that differences in yolk androgen levels may be one mechanism underlying seasonal variation in reproductive success and it is possible that changes in egg androgen patterns may reflect a change in female reproductive strategy. High within-female consistency also highlights the possibility that there may be some underlying genetic variation in yolk androgen levels
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