| 1. |
- Ching, Andrew T., et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying the Zero-Price Effect in the Field : Evidence from Swedish Prescription Drug Choices
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of the association for consumer research. - : University of Chicago Press. - 2378-1815 .- 2378-1823. ; 7:2, s. 175-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use Swedish data on consumer choices of therapeutically equivalent drugs to measure the zero-price effect. The Swedish benefit scheme for prescription drugs is a tier system, where each patient’s copay share is a step function of his/her qualified accumulated expenditure and can ultimately drop to zero. The copay tier a patient falls into is exogenously determined by his/her health and drug needs. In any given month, a patient pays the copay share of the lowest priced drug, plus the price difference between the chosen drug and the lowest priced drug in the same therapeutically equivalent exchange group. Therefore, when consumers cross the threshold of the zero-copay tier, the net price for the lowest priced drug will switch from a small positive amount to zero. This unique quasi-random environment allows us to apply the regression discontinuity design to quantify the zero-price effect. We do so for the full sample, as well as for two subsamples that should be less affected by state dependence. Based on a linear (quadratic) specification, the estimated zero-price effect reduces choice shares of the noncheapest alternatives by 12% (13%), 39% (48%), and 23% (25%) in the full sample, new diagnoses sample, and switchers sample, respectively.
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| 2. |
- Granlund, David, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Physicians prescribing originals causes welfare losses
- 2018
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 170, s. 143-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyze 319,000 choices of medically equivalent drugs at Swedish pharmacies. The results show that patients dislike substitutions for the prescribed product and that this effect is larger when the prescribed product is an original. At the same time, patients have strong preferences to buy the cheapest generic product. This implies that patients in most cases buy the cheapest generic product and experience welfare losses when the physician has prescribed another product.
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| 3. |
- Andrén, Daniela, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Introducing waiting times for health care in a labor supply model for sickness absence
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Health Economics. - : University of Oslo. - 1892-9729 .- 1892-9710. ; 3:1, s. 34-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the association between waiting times for different health care services and the duration of sick leave, using a Swedish register database supplemented with information from questionnaires for 3,653 employees. The duration of sick leave is positively associated with waiting two weeks or more for primary care, technical investigations and specialists, compared to waiting one week or less. Except for waiting for a specialist, there is no indication that waiting four weeks or more is associated with longer durations of sick leave than waiting two to three weeks. Long waiting times for surgery is negatively associated with the duration of sick leave, which might be explained by prioritizing where patients with longer waiting times are those with less severe conditions. Including these waiting time variables did not induce substantial changes on the impact of traditional labor supply variables, which suggests that the parameter estimates of traditional variables are relatively robust.
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| 4. |
- Andrén, Daniela, et al.
(författare)
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'Waiting for the other shoe to drop' : waiting for health care and duration of sick leave
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper uses a labor supply model that incorporates waiting for health care to derive an empirical specification for sick leave and to estimate the impact of waiting for health care on the duration of sick leave. In the estimations, we use the 2002 sample of the RFV-LS register database, supplemented with information from questionnaires. The results indicate that almost all waiting for health care variables have a statistically significant positive impact on the duration of sick leave, and did not induce substantial changes on the impact of traditional variables of the labor supply model.
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| 5. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Federal Governments Should Subsidize State Expenditure that Voters do not Consider when Voting
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This short paper analyzes whether a federal transfer system can be designed to increase welfare, when state governments create political budget cycles to increase the likelihood of reelection. The results show how the federal government may announce a transfer scheme in advance for the post-election year that counteracts the welfare costs of political budget cycles.
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| 6. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Norms, Work Hours, and Corrective Taxation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. - : Elsevier. - 2214-8043 .- 2214-8051. ; 56, s. 33-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with optimal income taxation based on a household model, where men and women allocate their time between market work and household production, and where households differ depending on which spouse has the comparative advantage in market work. The purpose is to analyze the tax policy implications of gender norms represented by a market work norm for men and household work norm for women. We show how the optimal (corrective) tax policy depends on the definition of social norms, the preferences for obeying these norms, and whether men or women have the comparative advantage in market work. Two extreme results are that (i) corrective taxation should not be used at all if the norms are based on the mean value of market work and household work, respectively, given that all households have the same preferences, and (ii) only the majority household type should be taxed at the margin if the norms are instead based on the modal value.
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| 7. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Present-Biased Preferences and Publicly Provided Private Goods
- 2014
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Ingår i: Finanzarchiv. - 0015-2218 .- 1614-0974. ; 70:2, s. 169-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the welfare effects of a publicly provided private good with long-term consequences for individual well-being, in an economy where consumers have present-biased preferences due to quasihyperbolic discounting. The analysis is based on a two-type model with asymmetric information between the government and the private sector, and each consumer fives for three periods. We present formal conditions under which public provision to the young and the middle-aged generation, respectively, leads to higher welfare. Our results show that quasihyperbolic discounting provides a strong incentive for public provision to the young generation - especially if the consumers are naive (as opposed to sophisticated).
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| 8. |
- Aronsson, Thomas, 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Public goods and optimal paternalism under present-biased preferences
- 2011
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - Amsterdam : North-Holland. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 113:1, s. 54-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper concerns the provision of a state-variable public good in a two-type model under present-biased consumer preferences. The preference for immediate gratification facing the high-ability type weakens the incentive to adjust public provision in response to the self-selection constraint.
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| 9. |
- Bergman, Mats A., et al.
(författare)
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Reforming the Swedish pharmaceuticals market : Consequences for costs per defined daily dose
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Health Economics and Management. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-9023 .- 2199-9031. ; 16:3, s. 201-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2009 and 2010, the Swedish pharmaceuticals market was reformed. One of the stated policy goals was to achieve low costs for pharmaceutical products dispensed in Sweden. We use price and sales data for off-patent brand-name and generic pharmaceuticals to estimate a log-linear regression model, allowing us to assess how the policy changes affected the cost per defined daily dose. The estimated effect is an 18 % cost reduction per defined daily dose at the retail level and a 34 % reduction in the prices at the wholesale level (pharmacies’ purchase prices). The empirical results suggest that the cost reductions were caused by the introduction of a price cap, an obligation to dispense the lowest-cost generic substitute available in the whole Swedish market, and the introduction of well-defined exchange groups. The reforms thus reduced the cost per defined daily dose for consumers while being advantageous also for the pharmacies, who saw their retail margins increase. However, pharmaceutical firms supplying off-patent pharmaceuticals experienced a clear reduction in the price received for their products.
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| 10. |
- Bergman, Mats A., 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Squeezing the last drop out of your suppliers : an empirical study of market-based purchasing policies for generic pharmaceuticals
- 2017
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Ingår i: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0305-9049 .- 1468-0084. ; 79:6, s. 969-996
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the effect of the degree of exclusivity for the lowest bidder on the averageprice of generic pharmaceuticals in the short and long terms. Our results indicate that a1-percentage-point gain in market share of the lowest bidder reduces average costs by 0.2%in the short term and 0.8% in the long term, but also reduces the number of firms by 1%.We find that reducing the number of firms has a strong positive (and hence counteracting)effect on average prices, a 1% reduction raising prices by approximately 1%.
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