| 1. |
- Bardasi, Elena, et al.
(författare)
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Women and informality : evidence from Senegal
- 2008
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The informal sector has long constituted a gap in the knowledge of women's labor. This paper seeks to fill a part of that knowledge gap using a 2002 household survey from Dakar, Senegal. 83% of working women are informal, compared to 50% of men. Multinomial logit analysis, controlling for education and other covariates, reveals that women are 3-4 times less likely to work formally (i.e., in the private formal sector or public sector) rather than informally. This may be due to the possibility provided by the informal sector of combining unpaid domestic work with paid work: informal women devote significantly more time to unpaid work than do women in the formal sector. We also use interval regression techniques to estimate Mincer equations to assess whether there is a wage gap between men and women in each sector. Controlling for personal characteristics, profession and industry, there is no significant gender wage effect in the private formal sector. Yet in the informal sector, women experience a 28% lower wage on average. This result holds across specifications and robustness tests. One reason for this may be that female informal entrepreneurs are found in smaller and less capital intense firms than men.
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| 2. |
- Breman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Altruism without Borders?
- 2006
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Why do individuals contribute to foreign aid? Does the willingness to give increase the more we know about the recipients? This paper experimentally tests altruism over borders. We design a cross-country dictator game where the degree of identification of the recipient is varied in four treatments: (1) anonymity, (2) photo, (3) information and (4) photo and information. In addition, questionnaire data on donor characteristics is gathered. The mean donation is 55%, which is considerably higher than in standard dictator games. In contrast to previous within-country experiments, we find no significant effect of identification on donations. Furthermore, we find that women donate significantly more than men (64 compared to 50 percent) and that those who state that aid is too large donate significantly less than those who state that aid is too small (24 compared to 67 percent).
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| 3. |
- Breman, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Is Foreign Aid Paternalistic?
- 2006
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We experimentally investigate whether donors are paternalistically altruistic when contributing to foreign aid. In a double-blind experiment, a subject chooses whether to make a monetary or a tied transfer (mosquito nets) to an anonymous household in Zambia. Recipients have revealed preferences for money, as their willingness to pay for mosquito nets is positive but below the market price. A monetary transfer will therefore preserve the household's preferences while a tied transfer is paternalistic. The mean donation of mosquito nets differs significantly from zero, thereby implying paternalistic preferences among donors. Paternalistic donors constitute 65 percent of the total sample, whereas purely altruistic donors constitute 15 percent. We conclude that health-focused paternalistic rather
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| 4. |
- Ekman, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Kostnader för bipolär sjukdom, depression, schizofreni och ångest. Rätt behandlingar kan få stora positiva samhällsekonomiska effekter. : Costs of bipolar disorder, depression, schizophrenia and anxiety. The right treatments can have significant positive socio-economic effects.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 111:34-35, s. 1362-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kunskap om både kostnader och hälsoeffekter behövs för att samhället ska kunna prioritera hur begränsade hälso- och sjukvårdsresurser bäst ska användas. Den totala samhällsekonomiska kostnaden för de fyra studerade psykiatriska sjukdomarna uppgick till 75 miljarder kronor. Kostnaden per patient var 259 000 kronor för bipolär sjukdom, 159 000 kronor för depression, 156 000 kronor för ångest och 509 000 kronor för schizofreni under år 2008. De indirekta kostnaderna för sjukfrånvaro svarade för hela 75 procent av den totala samhällskostnaden, vilket troligen ändå är en underskattning. Behandlingar som förbättrar funktionsnivå och arbetsförmåga kan få stora positiva samhällsekonomiska effekter.
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| 5. |
- Granström, Ola
(författare)
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Aid, drugs, and informality : essays in empirical economics
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The first three papers of this Ph.D. thesis experimentally study the preferences of individuals making cross-border charitable donations. In Is Foreign Aid Paternalistic? (with Anna Breman and Felix Masiye) subjects choose whether to make a monetary or a tied transfer (mosquito nets) to an anonymous household in Zambia. The mean donation of mosquito nets differs significantly from zero, and paternalistic donors constitute a higher share of the sample than do purely altruistic donors. The second paper,Corruption and the Case for Tied Aid (with Anna Breman), compares the willingness to give money to Zambia's national health budget (CBoH) with the willingness to donate mosquito nets to a health-care clinic in Lusaka. Donors clearly prefer tied aid to untied program aid. Exit questionnaires suggest the reason to be a fear of corruption and misallocation at the CBoH. In Altruism without Borders? (with Anna Breman), we study whether the willingness to give increase with the information given about the recipients. We find no significant effect of identification on donations. Women and Informality: Evidence from Senegal, the fourth paper (with Elena Bardasi), uses household survey data to study women’s work and gender wage gaps in the formal and informal sector in Dakar. Multinomial logit analysis reveals that women are 3-4 times less likely to work formally rather than informally. Wage regressions reveal that little schooling, for instance, explains a considerable part of the gender wage gap. In the informal sector, however, the wage gap between men and women remains at 28%. The fifth paper, Does Innovation Pay? A Study of the Pharmaceutical Product Cycle, examines how a drug’s life cycle depends on its degree of therapeutic innovation. All New Chemical Entities introduced in Sweden between 1987 and 2000 are rated into one of three innovation classes: A (important gains); B (modest gains); and C (little gains). Over a 15-year life cycle, the average class A drug raises 15% higher revenues than B drugs and 114% higher revenues than C drugs. But yearly class A and C sales differences are rarely significant. When comparing innovative (A and B pooled) and imitative (C) drugs, 15-year life cycle revenues of innovative drugs exceed those of imitative drugs by 100%. This sales difference is significant in 19 out of 20 years after launch.
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| 6. |
- Granström, Ola
(författare)
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Corruption and the case for tied aid
- 2008
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tied project aid is often said to suffer from allocative inefficiency, yet it seems to benefit from strong donor support. One reason may be that tied aid is perceived as less corrupt than untied program aid. We present a simple model where perceived aid diversion can induce tied transfers. In a dictator game, we then compare the willingness to make a monetary contribution to Zambia's national health budget (CBoR) with the willingness to make a tied transfer (mosquito nets) to a health-care clinic (KC) in Lusaka. Donors clearly prefer tied aid to untied program aid. First, the mean tied donation to KC (SEK 44) is highly positive. Second, it is significantly higher than the mean monetary transfer to CBoR (SEK 26). Third, the fraction of donors who give at least one net to KC (65%) is significantly higher than the share only giving money to the CBoR (16%). Exit questionnaires suggest that the reason is a fear of corruption and misallocation at the CBoR. Our experiment indicates that reducing developing country corruption could benefit aid recipient countries in two ways, increasing both allocative and productive aid efficiency.
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| 7. |
- Granström, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effectiveness of candesartan versus losartan in the primary preventive treatment of hypertension.
- 2012
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Ingår i: ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research. - : Dove Medical Press. - 1178-6981. ; 4, s. 313-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Although angiotensin receptor blockers have different receptor binding properties, no comparative randomized studies with cardiovascular event endpoints have been performed for this class of drugs. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term cost-effectiveness of candesartan (Atacand®) versus generic losartan in the primary preventive treatment of hypertension.Methods: A decision-analytic model was developed to estimate costs and health outcomes over a patient's lifetime. Data from a clinical registry study were used to estimate event rates for cardiovascular complications, such as myocardial infarction and heart failure. Costs and quality of life data were from published sources. Costs were in Swedish kronor and the outcome was quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Results: Due to reduced rates of cardiovascular complications, candesartan was associated with a QALY gain and lower health care costs compared with generic losartan (0.053 QALYs gained and reduced costs of approximately 4700 Swedish kronor for women; and 0.057 QALYs gained and reduced costs of approximately 4250 Swedish kronor for men). This result was robust in several sensitivity analyses.Conclusion: When modeling costs and health outcomes based on event rates for cardiovascular complications from a real-world registry study, candesartan appears to bring a QALY gain and a reduction in costs compared with generic losartan in the primary preventive treatment of hypertension in Sweden.
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| 8. |
- Granström, Ola
(författare)
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Does innovation pay? : a study of the pharmaceutical product cycle
- 2008
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper studies how pharmaceutical life cycles depend on a drug's degree of therapeutic innovation. A unique data set rates all the 414 New Chemical Entities (NCEs) introduced in Sweden between 1987 and 2000 into one of three FDA innovation classes: A (important therapeutic gains); B (modest gains); and C "metoo" drugs with little gains). This data is combined with sales figures for the 1987-2007 period. Regression analysis controlling for time effects and anatomical group shows that, over a 15-year life cycle, the average class A drug raises 15% higher revenues than B drugs and 114% higher revenues than C drugs (using a 4% discount rate). However, yearly sales for class A drugs are only significantly higher than for me-too drugs in year 14-17 after launch. Class B drugs, on the other hand, display significantly higher sales than C drugs in year 1-11 after launch. Sales of the most innovative drugs are initially weak and characterized by a high variance. When pooling A and B drugs to compare innovative and imitative (class C) drugs, we find 15-year life cycle revenues of the former to exceed those of imitative drugs by 100%. The sales difference is significant in 19 out of 20 years after launch. Finally, we find evidence of a first-mover advantage analyzing first and second mover sales differences.
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| 9. |
- Hagelqvist, Alina, 1980-
(författare)
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Forest industry sludge as a resource for energy recovery
- 2009
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Forest industries produce large amounts of carbon rich sludges as by-products in their processes. Presently sludge is treated as a poor quality biofuel for co-incineration, some mills treat it solely as a disposal problem. This thesis provides an introduction to production, composition and disposal issues of sludge. It also includes a presentation of strategies for sludge handling.The main concern with energy recovery from sludge is connected to high content of water (50-80%). Mechanical dewatering is an energy efficient method of decreasing the water content. However, there are limitations to how far sludge can be dewatered mechanically. Thermal dewatering is sometimes required to dewater the sludge beyond these limits, in order to obtain a high quality biofuel for incineration and/or thermal gasification. It is often inefficient, from an energy point of view, to incorporate thermal dewatering in the sludge handling strategy.An interesting alternative to thermal processes is anaerobic digestion, which is a biological process used for energy recovery. Advantages with anaerobic digestion include biogas production, efficient treatment of sludge with high content of water and potential for nutrients recovery. The process and the kinetics of anaerobic digestion are presented.The aim of this thesis is to present a method for evaluating different sludge handling strategies from an energy perspective, and to further develop anaerobic digestion as a process for energy recovery from sludge. The thesis is based on two papers. Paper I presents an inclusive approach with focus on energy use and energy recovery in wastewater management, including wastewater treatment and sludge handling. Paper II explores the possibility to enhance biogas production by anaerobic co-digestion of pulp mill sludge with municipal sewage sludge.
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