| 1. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
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Energy-Saving Solutions for Cellular Internet of Things - A Survey
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - IEEE : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 10, s. 62096-62096
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT), a new paradigm, paves the way for a large-scale deployment of IoT devices. CIoT promises enhanced coverage and massive deployment of low-cost IoT devices with an expected battery life of up to 10 years. However, such a long battery life can only be achieved provided the CIoT device is configured with energy efficiency in mind. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on energy-saving solutions in 3GPP-based CIoT networks. In comparison to current studies, the contribution of this paper is the classification and an extensive analysis of existing energy-saving solutions for CIoT, e.g., the configuration of particular parameter values and software modifications of transport- or radio-layer protocols, while also stressing key parameters impacting the energy consumption such as the frequency of data reporting, discontinuous reception cycles (DRX), and Radio Resource Control (RRC) timers. In addition, we discuss shortcomings, limitations, and possible opportunities which can be investigated in the future to reduce the energy consumption of CIoT devices.
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| 2. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for an Energy Efficient Tuning of the NB-IoT Stack
- 2020
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Ingår i: 45th IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN). - : IEEE Communications Society. ; , s. 60-69
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we study the energy consumptionof Narrowband IoT devices. The paper suggests that key tosaving energy for NB-IoT devices is the usage of full Discontinuous Reception (DRX), including the use of connected-mode DRX (cDRX): In some cases, cDRX reduced the energy consumption over a 10-year period with as much as 50%. However, the paper also suggests that tunable parameters, such as the inactivity timer, do have a significant impact. On the basis of our findings, guidelines are provided on how to tune the NB-IoT device so that it meets the target of the 3GPP, i.e., a 5-Wh battery should last for at least 10 years. It is further evident from our results that the energy consumption is largely dependent on the intensity and burstiness of the traffic, and thus could be significantly reduced if data is sent in bursts with less intensity,irrespective of cDRX support.
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| 3. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Tunable Parameters in NB-IoT Stack onthe Energy Consumption
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Fifteenth Swedish National Computer Networking Workshop (SNCNW).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies the impact of tunable parametersin the NB-IoT stack on the energy consumption of a user equipment(UE), e.g., a wireless sensor. NB-IoT is designed to enablemassive machine-type communications for UE while providing abattery lifetime of up to 10 years. To save battery power, most oftime the UE is in dormant state and unreachable. Still, duringthe CONNECTED and IDLE state, correct tuning of criticalparameters, like Discontinuous reception (DRX), and extendedDiscontinuous reception (eDRX), respectively, are essential to savebattery power. Moreover, the DRX and eDRX actions relate tovarious parameters which are needed to be tuned in order toachieve a required UE battery lifetime. The objective of thispaper is to observe the influence of an appropriate tuning ofthese parameters to reduce the risk of an early battery drainage
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| 4. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir
(författare)
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Improving the Energy Efficiency of Cellular IoT Device
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) has emerged as a promising technology to support applications that generate infrequent data. One requirement on these applications, often battery-powered devices, is low energy consumption to enable extended battery life. Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is a promising technology for IoT due to its low power consumption, which is essential for devices that need to run on battery power for extended periods. However, the current battery life of NB-IoT devices is only a few years, which is insufficient for many applications. This thesis investigates the impact of energy-saving mechanisms standardized by 3GPP on battery life of NB-IoT devices. The main research objective is to classify and analyze existing energy-saving solutions for CIoT and examine their limitations, to study the impact of standardized energy-saving mechanisms on the battery life of NB-IoT devices, both in isolation and combined, and to provide guidelines on how to configure NB-IoT devices to reduce energy consumption efficiently. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of energy-saving mechanisms and best practices to balance energy efficiency and performance of NB-IoT devices. Applying the proposed solutions makes it possible to achieve a battery life of 10~years or more for CIoT devices.
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| 5. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
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On the Energy-efficient Use of Discontinuous Reception and Release Assistance in NB-IoT
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) is a Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technology. It aims for cheap, lowcomplexity IoT devices that enable large-scale deployments and wide-area coverage. Moreover, to make large-scale deployments of CIoT devices in remote and hard-to-access locations possible, a long device battery life is one of the main objectives of these devices. To this end, 3GPP has defined several energysaving mechanisms for CIoT technologies, not least for the Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology, one of the major CIoT technologies. Examples of mechanisms defined include CONNECTED-mode DRX (cDRX), Release Assistance Indicator (RAI), and Power Saving Mode (PSM). This paper considers the impact of the essential energy-saving mechanisms on minimizing the energy consumption of NB-IoT devices, especially the cDRX and RAI mechanisms. The paper uses a purpose-built NB-IoT simulator that has been tested in terms of its built-in energy-saving mechanisms and validated with realworld NB-IoT measurements. The simulated results show that it is possible to save 70%-90% in energy consumption by enabling the cDRX and RAI. In fact, the results suggest that a battery life of 10 years is only achievable provided the cDRX, RAI, and PSM energy-saving mechanisms are correctly configured and used
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Eklund, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Delay Penalty during SCTP Handover
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapidly growing interest in untethered Internet connections such as WLAN and 3G/4G mobile connections,calls for intelligent session management, not least in terms of handovers. As part of an effort to develop a SCTP-based session management framework, we are studying ways of improving the SCTP handover delay forreal-time traffic by optimizing the startup delay on the handover-target path. We have developed a theoretical model that predicts the transfer times of SCTP messages during the startup on a new path. This paper validates our model. It shows that the model can be used to predict message transfer times in variable bitrate flows. The paper further employs our model to study the startup delay penalty during handover for the spectrum of network conditions considered relevant for real-time traffic over mobile connections.
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| 8. |
- Eklund, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Efficient Scheduling to Reduce Latency for Signaling Traffic using CMT-SCTP
- 2016
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Ingår i: 27th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), September 4-7, Valencia, Spain. - : IEEE. - 9781509032549 ; , s. 2127-2132
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To mitigate delay spikes during transmission of bursty signaling traffic, concurrent multipath transmission (CMT) over several paths in parallel could be an option. Still, unordered delivery is a well known problem when concurrently transmitting data over asymmetric network paths, leading to extra delay due to Head-of-Line Blocking (HoLB). The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), designed as a carrier for signaling traffic over IP, is currently being extended with support for CMT (CMT-SCTP). To reduce the impact of HoLB, SCTP has support for transmission of separate data flows, called SCTP streams. In this paper, we address sender scheduling to optimize latency for signaling traffic using CMT-SCTP. We present dynamic stream-aware (DS) scheduling, which utilizes the SCTP stream concept, and continuously considers the current network status as well as the data load to make scheduling decisions. We implement a DS scheduler and compare it against some existing schedulers. Our investigation suggests that DS scheduling could significantly reduce latency compared to dynamic path scheduling that does not consider streams. Moreover, we show that naive round-robin scheduling may provide low latency over symmetric network paths, but may transmit data on non-beneficial asymmetric network paths leading to increased latency. Finally, our results show that a static stream based approach, found beneficial for bulk traffic, is not appropriate for bursty signaling traffic.
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| 9. |
- Eklund, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of slow start on SCTP handover performance
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proc Int Conf Comput Commun Networks ICCCN. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781457706387
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rapidly growing interest in untethered Internet connections, especially in terms of WLAN and 3G/4G mobile connections, calls for intelligent session management: a mobile device should be able to provide a reasonable end-user experience despite location changes, disconnection periods and, not least, handovers. As part of an effort to develop a SCTP-based session management framework that meets these criteria, we are studying ways of improving the SCTP handover delay for real-time traffic; especially the startup delay on the connection between a mobile device and the target access point. To obtain an appreciation of the theoretically feasible gains of optimizing the startup delay on the handover-target path, we have developed a model that predicts the transfer times of SCTP messages during slow start. This paper experimentally validates our model and demonstrates that it could be used to predict the message transfer times in a variable bitrate flow by approximating the variable flow with a constant dito. It also employs our model to obtain an appreciation of the startup delay penalties incured by slow start during handovers in typical mobile, real-time traffic scenarios.
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| 10. |
- Eklund, Johan, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Implications of using a Large Initial Congestion Window to Improve mSCTP Handover Delay
- 2012
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Ingår i: MOBILITY 2012 : The Second International Conference on Mobile Services, Resources, and Users. - : IARIA. - 9781612082295 ; , s. 116-121
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The currently rather heterogeneous wireless landscape makes handover between different network technologies, so-called vertical handover, a key to a continued success for wireless Internet access. Recently, an extension to the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) – the Dynamic Address Reconfiguration (DAR) extension – was standardized by IETF. This extension enables the use of SCTP for vertical handover. Still, the way vertical handover works in SCTP with DAR makes it less suitable for real-time traffic. Particularly, it takes a significant amount of time for the traffic to ramp up to full speed on the handover target path. In this paper, we study the implications of an increased initial congestion window for real-time traffic on the handover target path when competing traffic is present. The results clearly show that an increased initial congestion window could significantly reduce the transfer delay for real-time traffic, provided the fair share of the available capacity on the handover target path is sufficiently higher than the send rate required by the real-time flow. Additionally, we notice that this performance gain comes without penalizing the competing traffic.
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