| 1. |
- Cantalini, Stefano, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic Wage Penalty and Human Capital Transferability : A Comparative Study of Recent Migrants in 11 European Countries
- 2023
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Ingår i: The international migration review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0197-9183 .- 1747-7379. ; 57:1, s. 328-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the ethnic wage penalty among migrants in 11 Western European countries. It aims to extend the literature on the models of migrant occupational inclusion in European labor markets by studying the wage gap and to disentangle whether the gross wage penalty experienced by foreign-born residents can be explained by human capital-related factors and/or by migrants' occupational segregation. Estimating probit models with sample selection on European Labour Force Survey data (2009-2016), we find that both male and female migrants experienced a larger gross wage penalty in Southern Europe, where they had lower education levels and faced stronger occupational segregation. In the other countries under study, we find a smaller gross wage penalty among foreign-born women. Results show that migrants from Eastern Europe were not systematically less penalized than migrants from Africa, Asia, and Latin America, except for men in Italy and Greece. Wage penalties were higher among tertiary-educated migrants, compared to their less-educated counterparts, only in Mediterranean countries, where the former were mainly concentrated at the bottom of the occupational structure. Finally, the acquisition of the highest education after migration reduced migrants' wage penalty, thanks to a better match between educational credentials and job allocation, especially in Southern Europe. Focusing on the ethnic wage penalty and on both human capital- and occupation-related factors of ethnic penalization highlights cross-country differences not yet explored by existing comparative research, allowing a new and more comprehensive picture of migrants' penalization in Europe.
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| 2. |
- Cantalini, Stefano, et al.
(författare)
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The ethnic wage penalty in Western European regions : Is the European integration model confirmed when differences within countries are considered?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Demographic Research. - 1435-9871. ; 46, s. 681-692
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUNDThe European model of integration of recent immigrants is characterised by a trade-off between employment and job quality, which takes different forms in Southern and Continental Europe. In Mediterranean countries, migrants have similar employment opportunities as natives, but they have high risks of entering the lowest strata of the occupational structure. In Continental Europe the trade-off is reversed: Migrants have lower employment opportunities, but once employed, they face a lower penalisation in terms of job quality than the one faced by immigrants living in Southern Europe.OBJECTIVEThis work focuses on the regional heterogeneity of the model of inclusion of recent immigrants in the European labour markets, analysing how migrant-native gaps in wages and in the probability of (dependent) employment change across areas of the same country. Is the trade-off between employment and job quality confirmed when regional differences are considered? Are there gender differences in the models of inclusion?METHODSWe used European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS, 2009-2016) data and applied probit models with sample selection, estimated separately by region and gender.RESULTSResults show substantial regional heterogeneity in the ethnic penalties in Germany and in Southern Europe, especially in Greece and Italy. Moreover, when regional differences within countries were considered, the trade-off model of inclusion was confirmed only among men, while immigrant women's model of inclusion turned out to be more mixed, with some European areas conforming to a 'double-penalty' model, whereas other areas showed patterns of immigrant disadvantage in line with an 'integration' model.CONTRIBUTION This work extends the literature by studying differences in the ethnic penalties at the regional level, focusing on both (dependent) employment probability and wage - an alternative indicator of migrants' economic integration. Our results also suggest the importance of taking gender differences into account.
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| 3. |
- Kurowska, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Familydemic Cross Country and Gender Dataset on work and family outcomes during COVID-19 pandemic
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2052-4463. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we present the Familydemic Cross Country and Gender Dataset (FCCGD), which offers cross country and gender comparative data on work and family outcomes among parents of dependent children, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. It covers six countries from two continents representing diverse welfare regimes as well as distinct policy reactions to the pandemic outbreak. The FCCGD was created using the first wave of a web-based international survey (Familydemic) carried out between June and September 2021, on large samples of parents (aged 20–59) living with at least one child under 12 in Canada, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, and the US. While individual datasets are not available due to country-level restriction policies, the presented database allows for cross-country comparison of a wide range of employment outcomes and work arrangements, the division of diverse tasks of unpaid labour (housework and childcare) in couples, experiences with childcare and school closures due to the pandemic and subjective assessments of changes to work-life balance, career prospects and the financial situation of families (234 variables).
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