| 1. |
- Klockar Linder, My, 1981-
(författare)
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Kulturpolitik : Formeringen av en modern kategori
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation analyses the formation of Swedish cultural policy in the twentieth century and the emergence of a modern concept of cultural policy. The aim is to historicise this concept by opening up the process through which it was established. The dissertation explores different aspects of this process: the use of the word cultural policy (kulturpolitik), the ambitions in the 1960s to establish a form of knowledge production relevant in cultural policy making and the attempts made by various official authorities in the 1960s and early 1970s to identify and manage the field of concerns defined as belonging to cultural policy, thus demarcating culture as a formal area of policy making. I view these as examples of practices where the category of cultural policy was elaborated and established in a form widely recognized today.Accompanying my attempts to historicise the modern concept of cultural policy is an interest in how the history of cultural policy has generally been conceived. In previous research devoted to the history of cultural policy an analytical sense of cultural policy has tended to overrule the understanding(s) of cultural policy found in the historical sources. As a consequence, the histories of cultural policy have left out what historically was identified as cultural policy, thus leaving the historical grounds for the modern concept of cultural policy partly hidden.In the first empirical chapter I examine the uses of the word cultural policy when it was introduced in the Swedish language in the late nineteenth century until the 1950s. From a multitude of usages, I suggest that it was in the mid-twentieth century that a more consistent vocabulary developed, with “cultural policy” referring to political endeavors aiming at a nation’s domestic cultural life. In the second empirical chapter I investigate how scientific conceptualisations and operationalisations rendered culture available for scientific, political and administrative undertakings, and in the third chapter I study how culture was demarcated as a formal area of policy making. The chapters reveal different aspects of the historical process through which the category of cultural policy was established in its present shape.
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| 2. |
- Nilsson, Louise, 1973-
(författare)
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Färger, former, ljus : Svensk reklam och reklampsykologi, 1900-1930
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation examines the rise of an advertisement business in Sweden and the breakthrough of advertising psychology as a field of knowledge. The aim of the investigation is to show first, how the advertising landscape changed in Sweden and, second, how technologies were used in designing the different forms of advertisement that became integrated into media and public environments, during the period 1900-1930. The study raises questions such as: Who were the entrepreneurs behind the outbreak of psychological advertising in Sweden during the early 20th century? How did advertisement become integrated into media and urban landscapes as part of everyday life in Swedish society? How did handbooks in advertising psychology describe the effects of external visual stimuli, such as light, colors and shapes on the viewers’ consciousness and the role of such stimuli in transforming viewers to consumers? The dissertation is written within the interdisciplinary field of visual culture studies. Here the theoretical point of departure combines perspectives from media, film and art studies. Drawing on Crary’s works, the intention of my study is to highlight how such changes resulted in strategies and tools that were used in commercial business and not necessarily in the sciences. The ability to capture human attention and influence her through visual stimuli was also of great interest to trade and industry. Within commercial business the human sense of sight was perceived as an object that could be stimulated for creating consumers. I examine the development of techniques and strategies in commercial business for influencing individuals by external stimuli.
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| 3. |
- Wasniowski, Andréaz, 1979-
(författare)
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Den korrekta avvikelsen : vetenskapsanvändning, normalitetssträvan och exkluderande praktiker hos RFSL, 1950-1970
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis focuses on the organisation today known as the Swedish Federation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights (RFSL) and its activities from the founding year 1950 to around 1970. RFSL was the first Swedish organisation that worked for non-heterosexual persons. The aim was to achieve what was called sexual equality, by which was understood that a person should be able to live without social obstacles in accordance with his or her sexual orientation. It should be noted that even though RFSL was a member organisation, it was never member orientated, and the political ambition was considered more important than the everyday problems of the members. Anyway, sexual equality included both juridical and a social aspects. In its analysis RFSL defined the main problem as intolerance due to lack of knowledge and concluded thereby that the solution lay in enlightenment; the spread of scientific and objective information about both homosexuals and the nature of homosexuality. As the thesis shows, RFSL’s method and activities can be characterised as a strategy of assimilation, which was manifested in two ways. First, RFSL argued that the represented group did not deviate too much from the norms of society, i.e. in a way that would be regarded as unacceptable. Consequently certain forms of deviations were excluded. For instance, RFSL tried to distance itself from sadism, masochism and transvestism but also from pornography and prostitution. The ideal homosexual was well-behaved and conformed in every way to the norms of society, not least gender norms. But there was a discrepancy between what was publicly shown and what was internally tolerated and accepted. Hence it appears plausible to interpret RFSL as pragmatically oriented and acting in accordance with tactical deliberations and not always from real beliefs. Second, RFSL argued, often with references to different scientific sources, that there was no essential difference between hetero- and homosexuality. Instead all people were regarded as positioned on a scale, with sexual orientation being a matter of degree rather than essence. This recognition also holds a critique of the notion that a two-sex model has replaced an earlier one-sex model. Instead the thesis argues for a continuity of some underlying figures of thoughts. These are not only present in the expressions of RFSL but also in the early 20th century scientific discourse and in the sources to which RFSL referred. Besides RFSL’s view on the nature of homosexuality and the normative and excluding practices, the thesis also places the organisation in an international context. Around 1950 the first political gay right organisations took shape not only in Sweden but also in other countries. As a member of the International Committee for Sexual Equality (ICSE), RFSL had an active international exchange with organisations from Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands and also from US. In its publication RFSL also reported news from abroad that where considered relevant to the members.
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| 4. |
- Eriksson, Rickard
(författare)
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Structural Changes in Lithium Battery Materials Induced by Aging or Usage
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Li-ion batteries have a huge potential for use in electrification of the transportation sector. The major challenge to be met is the limited energy storage capacity of the battery pack: both the amount of energy which can be stored within the space available in the vehicle (defining its range), and the aging of the individual battery cells (determining how long a whole pack can deliver sufficient energy and power to drive the vehicle). This thesis aims to increase our knowledge and understanding of structural changes induced by aging and usage of the Li-ion battery materials involved.Aging processes have been studied in commercial-size Li-ion cells with two different chemistries. LiFePO4/graphite cells were aged under different conditions, and thereafter examined at different points along the electrodes by post mortem characterisation using SEM, XPS, XRD and electrochemical characterization in half-cells. The results revealed large differences in degradation behaviour under different aging conditions and in different regions of the same cell. The aging of LiMn2O4-LiCoO2/Li4Ti5O12 cells was studied under two different aging conditions. Post mortem analysis revealed a high degree of Mn/Co mixing within individual particles of the LiMn2O4-LiCoO2 composite electrode.Structural changes induced by lithium insertion were studied in two negative electrode materials: in Li0.5Ni0.25TiOPO4 using in situ XRD, and in Ni0.5TiOPO4 using EXAFS, XANES and HAXPES. It was shown that Li0.5Ni0.25TiOPO4 lost most of its long-range-order during lithiation, and that both Ni and Ti were involved in the charge compensation mechanism during lithiation/delithiation of Ni0.5TiOPO4, with small clusters of metal-like Ni forming during lithiation.Finally, in situ XRD studies were also made of the reaction pathways to form LiFeSO4F from two sets of reactants: either FeSO4·H2O and LiF, or Li2SO4 and FeF2. During the heat treatment, Li2SO4 and FeF2 react to form FeSO4·H2O and LiF in a first step. In a second step LiFeSO4F is formed. This underlines the importance of the structural similarities between LiFeSO4F and FeSO4·H2O in the formation process of LiFeSO4F.
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| 5. |
- Jalilian, Ehsan, 1980-
(författare)
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New Cu-I cluster compounds with luminescent properties
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis has been to investigate how the synthesis route, choice of solvent and counter-ions effects the crystallization of Cu(I)I systems, and to investigate the correlation between the structure and luminescence properties of the systems. In order to do so a series of compounds based on an anion containing Cu(I)I, stabilized by organic cations have been produced. The crystal structures have been determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The luminescence properties have been quantified by laser confocal microscopy or by fluorescence spectrophotometry. We have also performed quantum mechanical calculations (Time Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT)) to increase the understanding of the luminescence properties of the title system. Incorporation of tetraalkylammonium with different chain-size showed that the size of the counter-ion matters, where small counter-ion give rise to formation of infinite chains and large and bulky counter-ion tends to form discrete anion. However, the effect of incorporation of different phosphonium based cations was not as consistent, hence the conclusion must be that the size of the cation matters only sometimes. Two different synthesis routes have been employed during this study, the solvolysis method and the hydrothermal method. The latter method showed to be very efficient for this system. Hydrothermal conditions do, however, tend to give rise to the formation of the thermodynamically most stable product and the combination of the two approaches is beneficial for a wider scan of the phase space.
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| 6. |
- Liu, Chenjuan, 1988-
(författare)
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Exploration of Non-Aqueous Metal-O2 Batteries via In Operando X-ray Diffraction
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Non-aqueous metal-air (Li-O2 and Na-O2) batteries have been emerging as one of the most promising high-energy storage systems to meet the requirements for demanding applications due to their high theoretical specific energy. In the present thesis work, advanced characterization techniques are demonstrated for the exploration of metal-O2 batteries. Prominently, the electrochemical reactions occurring within the Li-O2 and Na-O2 batteries upon cycling are studied by in operando powder X-ray diffraction (XRD).In the first part, a new in operando cell with a combined form of coin cell and pouch cell is designed. In operando synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD) is applied to investigate the evolution of Li2O2 inside the Li-O2 cells with carbon and Ru-TiC cathodes. By quantitatively tracking the Li2O2 evolution, a two-step process during growth and oxidation is observed.This newly developed analysis technique is further applied to the Na-O2 battery system. The formation of NaO2 and the influence of the electrolyte salt are followed quantitatively by in operando SR-PXD. The results indicate that the discharge capacity of Na-O2 cells containing a weak solvating ether solvent depends heavily on the choice of the conducting salt anion, which also has impact on the growth of NaO2 particles.In addition, the stability of the discharge product in Na-O2 cells is studied. Using both ex situ and in operando XRD, the influence of sodium anode, solvent, salt and oxygen on the stability of NaO2 are quantitatively identified. These findings bring new insights into the understanding of conflicting observations of different discharge products in previous studies.In the last part, a binder-free graphene based cathode concept is developed for Li-O2 cells. The formation of discharge products and their decomposition upon charge, as well as different morphologies of the discharge products on the electrode, are demonstrated. Moreover, considering the instability of carbon based cathode materials, a new type of titanium carbide on carbon cloth cathode is designed and fabricated. With a surface modification by loading Ru nanoparticles, the titanium carbide shows enhanced oxygen reduction/evolution activity and stability. Compared with the carbon based cathode materials, titanium carbide demonstrated a higher discharge and charge efficiency.
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| 7. |
- Perre, Emilie, 1982-
(författare)
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Nano-structured 3D Electrodes for Li-ion Micro-batteries
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A new challenging application for Li-ion battery has arisen from the rapid development of micro-electronics. Powering Micro-ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) such as autonomous smart-dust nodes using conventional Li-ion batteries is not possible. It is not only new batteries based on new materials but there is also a need of modifying the actual battery design. In this context, the conception of 3D nano-architectured Li-ion batteries is explored. There are several micro-battery concepts that are studied; however in this thesis, the focus is concentrated on one particular architecture that can be described as the successive deposition of battery components (active material, electrolyte, active material) on free-standing arrays of nano-sized columns of a current collector. After a brief introduction about Li-ion batteries and 3D micro-batteries, the electrodeposition of Al through an alumina template using an ionic liquid electrolyte to form free-standing columns of Al current collector is described. The crucial deposition parameters influencing the nucleation and growth of the Al nano-rods are discussed. The deposition of active electrode material on the nano-structured current collector columns is described for 2 distinct active materials deposited using different techniques. Deposition of TiO2 using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) as active material on top of the nano-structured Al is also presented. The obtained deposits present high uniformity and high covering of the specific surface of the current collector. When cycled versus lithium and compared to planar electrodes, an increase of the capacity was proven to be directly proportional to the specific area gained from shifting from a 2D to a 3D construction. Cu2Sb 3D electrodes were prepared by the electrodeposition of Sb onto a nano-structured Cu current collector followed by an annealing step forcing the alloying between the current collector and Sb. The volume expansion observed during Sb alloying with Li is buffered by the Cu matrix and thus the electrode stability is greatly enhanced (from only 20 cycles to more than 120 cycles). Finally, the deposition of a hybrid polymer electrolyte onto the developed 3D electrodes is presented. Even though the deposition is not conformal and that issues of capacity fading need to be addressed, preliminary results attest that it is possible to cycle the obtained 3D electrode-electrolyte versus lithium without the appearance of short-circuits.
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| 8. |
- Renman, Viktor, et al.
(författare)
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Manganese Hexacyanomanganate as a Positive Electrode for Nonaqueous Li-, Na-, and K-Ion Batteries
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 123:36, s. 22040-22049
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- K2Mn[Mn(CN)(6)] is synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as possible positive electrode material in nonaqueous Li-, Na-, and K-ion batteries. This compound belongs to the rich and versatile family of hexacyanometallates displaying distinctive structural properties, which makes it interesting for ion insertion purposes. It can be viewed as a perovskite-like compound in which CN-bridged Mn(CN)(6) octahedra form an open framework structure with sufficiently large diffusion channels able to accommodate a variety of insertion cations. By means of galvanostatic cycling and cyclic voltammetry tests in nonaqueous alkali metal half-cells, it is demonstrated that this material is able to reversibly host Li+, Na+, and K+ ions via electrochemical insertion/deinsertion within a wide voltage range. The general electrochemical features are similar for all of these three ion insertion chemistries. An in operando X-ray diffraction investigation indicates that the original monoclinic structure is transformed into a cubic one during charging (i.e., removal of cations from the host framework) and that such a process is reversible upon subsequent cell discharge and cation reuptake.
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| 9. |
- Renman, Viktor, et al.
(författare)
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Structural-electrochemical relations in the aqueous copper hexacyanoferrate-zinc system examined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 369, s. 146-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The storage process of Zn2+ in the Prussian blue analogue (PBA) copper hexacyanoferrate (Cu[Fe(CN)(6)](2/3)-nH(2) O-CuHCF) framework structure in a context of rechargeable aqueous batteries is examined by means of in operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Via sequential unit-cell parameter refinements of time-resolved diffraction data, it is revealed that the step-profile of the cell output voltage curves during repeated electrochemical insertion and removal of Zn2+ in the CuHCF host structure is associated with a non-linear contraction and expansion of the unit-cell in the range 0.36 < x < 1.32 for Znx/3Cu[Fe(CN)(6)](2/3)-nH(2)O. For a high insertion cation content there is no apparent change in the unit-cell contraction. Furthermore, a structural analysis with respect to the occupancies of possible Zn2+ sites suggests that the Fe(CN)(6) vacancies within the CuHCF framework play an important role in the structural-electrochemical behavior of this particular system. More specifically, it is observed that Zn2+ swaps position during electrochemical cycling, hopping between cavity sites to vacant ferricyanide sites.
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| 10. |
- Ståhl, Isabelle, 1988-
(författare)
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Psykets laboratorium : Skildringar av drogexperiment i Weimarrepubliken
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Psykets laboratorium – skildringar av drogexperiment i Weimarrepubliken investigates texts produced during psychiatric self-experiments with psychedelic drugs in the Weimar Republic in the 1920s, featuring the philosopher Walter Benjamin (1892-1940) as a research subject. In these self-experiments, physicians and volunteer subjects wrote down their experiences of psychotic states that were evoked through the use of psychedelic drugs. In contemporary cultural criticism and philosophy, lively discussions took place about the situation of modern man, of which the project with drug experiments was a part. The physician Kurt Beringer (1893-1949), based at the Heidelberg psychiatric department, aimed to create knowledge about the psyche through experiments with mescaline, in order to establish boundaries between the normal and the abnormal. Meanwhile in Berlin, the doctors Fritz Fränkel (1892–1944) and Ernst Joël (1893–1929) conducted similar experiments in order to cultivate stronger empathy for mentally ill patients. Walter Benjamin considered the experiments as part of his philosophical writing.This took place shortly after World War I, an event that fundamentally overturned the human self-understanding, and contributed to an epidemic of mental suffering and called for a new understanding of the psyche. The study show how boundaries between the subject and the object of knowledge is destabilized in several ways through the writings on drugs. Firstly, they depart from the traditional division of Western science between observer and subject, and secondly, they mean that the writer speaks through other voices, different literature, to express his experience. Overall, my study shows how the actors mixed medical and literary understandings and narrative forms to capture an elusive experience. The mental states during drug intoxication were often characterized by a feeling of separation from the outside world, but they were described in a form of texts that was written collectively, and where one constantly talked through the language of the other in order to convey the private. Literature, psychiatry and philosophy were cited and reused. The study takes shape at the intersection of the history of philosophy, literature, and psychiatry and is a contribution to an expansive research on overlaps between aesthetic and scientific knowledge formation. It thus sheds light on the overlooked historical exchange between two domains that are often considered separate: literary and scientific knowledge.
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