| 1. |
- Wallman, Andy, 1975-
(författare)
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Pharmacy Internship : Students’ Learning in a Professional Practice Setting
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis was to explore Swedish pharmacist students’ learning during pharmacy internship. Internships are meant to introduce students to professional practice. Education programs have to reflect changes in the professional role, and take into account that learning in a professional practice setting differs from organized formal education. This thesis includes both quantitative and qualitative research approaches and applies workplace learning theories. A scheme for measuring pharmacy students’ reflective ability was developed and shown to be feasible and reliable. Factors important for reflection were found to be primarily social and contextual, especially trained tutor and small pharmacy size. Notably, learning style or critical thinking did not correlate to students’ reflective ability. Tutors and students perceived that students used a wide variety of activities supporting learning of a broad repertoire of knowledge and skills, preparing them for coming professional working life. Tutors are most important to support learning. However, the current curriculum and formal activities do not address all these outcomes and learning activities used, e.g. workplace learning. The first overall conclusion is that internship plays an essential part in the pharmacist education program. The integration of formal and informal learning activities during internship, including raising awareness of incidental learning, is important to support students in learning the professional practice of pharmacy. This integration could possibly be strengthened by introducing further tutor training, different assignments, and by using portfolios. The second conclusion is that the community of practice is essential for students’ learning during internship, especially the student-tutor interaction. Hence, the entire social context has to be considered and it is important to ensure a good learning environment at pharmacies during internship. In summary, this thesis contributes to the understanding of students’ learning during pharmacy internship and introduces educational research on the Swedish undergraduate pharmacy education programs.
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| 2. |
- Wastesson, Karin, 1986-
(författare)
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Learning Managerial Work : First-line Managers’ Learning in Everyday Work within Swedish Elderly Care
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study’s overall aim is to contribute knowledge about first-line managers’ learning in everyday work within the context of elderly care. The study used a qualitative research approach and was carried out within four Swedish elderly care organisations. A total of 40 first-line managers were interviewed, 10 of whom kept time-use diaries. The theoretical framework is based on a workplace learning perspective originating from theory of situated learning. Situated learning theory includes the concepts of community of practice, legitimate peripheral participation, and membership, which serve as analytical tools to illuminate characteristics of learning from various angles. In addition, the concept of gender has been used to gain a deeper understanding for managers’ workplace learning in the female-dominated elderly care context.The findings showed that managers’ learning happened in a stream of varied tasks and interactions shaped by conditions in the workplace. The managers’ work was characterised by unpredictability and changing circumstances, which meant they continuously had to learn how to handle new situations and expand their repertoire of managerial practices. One common perception among themanagers was the importance of being able to make quick decisions with limited information, and assess the results afterwards. The managers learned how to deal with work situations by either maintaining and modifying current practices or inventing new ones. In addition to these three practices, their learning was affected by different conditions, particularly professional experience, work relationships and organisational conditions. The findings further showed that the managers had to learn to deal with expectations of how they should act in the managerial role based on their gender, and learn to navigate between gender ideals that permeated the female-dominated elderly care environment.Three conclusions were drawn from this study. The first was that managers took great responsibility for their own learning, including what they needed to know and how they would learn it. Despite the fact that they all had access to resources provided by the employer, managers often chose alternative ways to learn, usually by relying on informal networks and close personal relationships. As a result of this self-directed learning, they were able to make decisions that suited their learning needs, and effectively proceed in practice without having to confirm their chosen methods.The second conclusion was that work relationships played a central part in managers’ learning, within both the care work community and the first-line manager community. Work relationships with other first-line managers provided support for learning through, for example, knowledge exchange and joint discussions, as well as emotional support. Work relationships with subordinates were significant for learning, and could result in solutions to complex issues, which could have a direct effect on the daily operation of care work services. Due to the diverse mix of professions, varying interests, and formal positions of authority in the care work community, managers were required to devote considerable time and effort to facilitate collaboration and a shared repertoire. As a result, learning was seen as a stimulating and enjoyable experience, but was also demanding and sometimes boring.The third conclusion was that in the context of the female-dominated elderly care gender operated differently in two communities of practices. Male privilege was still prominent in the care work community, as men were accepted and perceived as legitimate leaders among their subordinates. Female managers instead had to navigate and balance the expectations associated with femininity and the managerial role in this community. However, the female-dominated elderly care context provided female managers with more opportunities to connect with equal peers and establish influential positions, whereas male managers could encounter challenges in gaining access to learning and participating in the first-line manager community.
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| 3. |
- Engström, Annika
(författare)
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Lärande samspel för effektivitet : En studie av arbetsgrupper i ett mindre industriföretag
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En viktig arena för samspel kring känsliga gränssnitt (marknad – konstruktion – produktion) i industrin är olika möten där arbetsgrupper kommer samman kring uppgifter. Syftet med avhandlingen är att bidra med kunskap om samspel som sker inom och mellan arbetsgrupper i deras hantering av uppgifter i mindre industriföretag (SME) och vilken betydelse samspelet har för lärande och effektivitet i verksamheten. Studien har närmare bestämt fokus på följande frågeställningar: 1. Vad karaktäriserar samspelet inom och mellan arbetsgrupper som det kommer till uttryck i olika möten? 2. Vilka faktorer underlättar respektive försvårar samspelet inom och mellan arbetsgrupper? 3. Vilka konsekvenser får olika typer av samspel för lärande och effektivitet i arbetsgrupper och i organisationer? Studien utgår från ett kritiskt realistiskt perspektiv på lärande i organisationer samt tidigare forskning om lärande, kommunikation och effektivitet i grupper och organisationer. Studien genomfördes under perioden 2008-2010 och var upplagd utifrån en kvalitativ och interaktiv forskningsansats. Datainsamlingen baserades på intervjuer, observationer av videofilmade möten samt frågeformulär. Analysen rör sig mellan två nivåer: samspel inom grupper samt mellan grupper på organisationsnivå. Samspelet inom och mellan grupper analyserades utifrån kontextuella faktorer och med fokus på i vad mån olika kommunikationsmönster kunde kopplas till olika typer av lärande och effektivitet i verksamheten. Ett rationalistiskt effektivitetsperspektiv utmanas till förmån för ett humanistiskt perspektiv där lärandet är en viktig aspekt. Tre slutsatser dras: Effektivitet grundar sig i att kommunikationsmönster och ledning anpassas efter det behov uppgiften för stunden kräver - utförande eller utveckling. Återkoppling och personliga länkar mellan grupper behöver översyn och ledningsrutiner för att underlätta samspelet. Diskrepanser (motsättningar, konflikter och störningar) som synliggörs i organisationen leder till utveckling. De som förblir i det dolda stör utförandet.
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| 4. |
- Fagerlind Ståhl, Anna-Carin, 1982-
(författare)
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Live long and prosper : Health-promoting conditions at work
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to contribute with knowledge concerning health-promoting conditions at work, and to investigate how individual, workplace and organisational conditions are interrelated. In the thesis, work-related flow, i.e. an experience of motivation, absorption and work enjoyment, is used as a holistic notion of occupational health. In Paper I, work-related flow is investigated in relation to decision latitude, social capital and an innovative learning climate at work. Paper II investigates whether the use of tools inspired by lean production, such as standardisation and value stream mapping, is positively associated with conditions for innovative learning in organisations. The aim of Paper III is to identify conditions for health and performance in organisation and at work; further, to investigate the association between work-related flow and performance. Paper IV reports on a longitudinal investigation of workrelated flow in relation to lean tool use and conditions at the workplace. The empirical material is based on data from 10 organisations, including 4442 employees. Papers I-III are cross-sectional, whereas Paper IV is longitudinal. Papers II-IV utilise multilevel analyses.The results show that decision latitude, social capital and an innovative learning climate are associated with an increase in work-related flow (Papers I, III & IV), and with performance (Paper III). Individuals’ decision latitude enables an increased benefit from the social capital and innovative learning climate at work (Paper I). The effect of tools inspired by lean production on work-related flow (Papers III & IV), and on conditions for innovative learning (Paper II) differs, depending on which tools are used, and on workplace conditions. These tools enable innovative learning mainly where decision latitude is low (Paper II), and it is primarily the lean tool value stream mapping which has the potential to create an arena for innovative learning (Paper II) and work-related flow (Paper IV).It is concluded that the individual is embedded in a social work context that has the potential to strengthen the ability to act with motivation, absorption and enjoyment. In order to utilise collective healthpromoting conditions at work, individuals need to have authority to make their own decisions and use their skills. The effect of tools inspired by lean production depends on the specific tools that are used, and on individuals’ decision latitude at work. Their potential to enable innovative learning is most evident for employees who have few opportunities for autonomous decision-making and skill use in their work. For those with a high degree of decision latitude, the use of lean tools has a smaller effect. Work-related flow may in itself serve as a resource that improves performance and increases engagement in health-promoting work conditions. In order to promote health as well as performance, work needsto be organised so that employees have opportunities to decide over their own work, and utilise their skills, individually and collectively within the workgroup.
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| 5. |
- Ferm, Lisa, 1984-
(författare)
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Vocational Students’ Agency in Identity Formation as Industrial Workers
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute knowledge about vocational identity formation among students within the industrial programme in Swedish upper secondary education, with a particular focus on their workplace-based learning. To break down the aim, three research questions have been formulated and each is addressed in one or two specific articles. These questions are: (1) What learning strategies do vocational students use to become part of a work community, and how do these strategies relate to the formation of a vocational identity at the workplace? (2) How do vocational students experience their identity formation in relation to a vocation within the industrial sector? (3) How do vocational students handle the division between theoretical and practical knowledge as they learn to become skilled industrial workers? The thesis builds on 53 semi-structured qualitative interviews with Swedish upper secondary vocational students enrolled on the industrial programme. The interviews revolve around the students’ vocational identity formation, with a focus on their workplace-based learning. The students are between 18 and 20 years old and the majority are boys. The findings are analysed through the theoretical lens of situated learning, where identity formation is viewed as a social learning process that takes place through participation in communities of practice. In addition, the concepts of habitus, gender and social categorisation are used as analytical tools to provide a deeper understanding of issues concerning status, power and exclusion in relation to vocational identity formation. The findings reveal that the students’ vocational identity formation is closely connected to the social aspects of participating in workplace communities. Knowledge about the jargon and social norms of the workplace seem to be of more importance for vocational identity formation than knowledge about the concrete working tasks. The study follows the students’ vocational identity formation throughout their vocational learning trajectories, which reveal that vocational identities are formed in heterogenic ways. The students may adopt a committed, flexible or ambivalent approach towards industrial work. Aspects concerning agency and status seem to be crucial for the vocational identification process. The forming of a vocational identity also implies positioning oneself in the hierarchy and division between theoretical and practical knowledge, as well as between masculinity and femininity. The students appear as knowledgeable actors who are aware of the generally low status of industrial work, while simultaneously expressing a great deal of pride in relation to their intended vocations. In the discussion, a model of the students’ vocational identity formation is proposed to capture the interplay between collective and structural dimensions (e.g. social background, class and status hierarchies at school) and students’ agency and strategies in becoming industrial workers. From the findings of this thesis, three main conclusions are drawn: (1) The students form vocational identities through using vocational agency in actively developing strategies for becoming accepted in the workplace community; (2) Workplace-based learning is central for the students’ vocational identity formation, in spite of the relatively short time that the students spend there, compared to the time spent at school; (3) The students’ vocational image awareness, expressed through awareness of, and reactions to, other people’s images of their vocation, constitutes an important part of their vocational identity formation.
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| 6. |
- Halvarsson Lundkvist, Agneta
(författare)
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Styrning genom lärande : En studie av programutvecklingens dynamik i nationella program
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Runt om i världen pågår en rad utvecklingsprogram vars syfte är att stödja utvecklingsarbete i olika typer av verksamheter. Jag behandlar två sådana svenska nationella utvecklingsprogram och fokuserar lärandets betydelse för programmens utveckling. Programutvecklingen syftar till att förbättra stödmetoder och möjlighet att ge stöd till organisationer som ingår i programmet. Indirekt kan detta påverka möjligheten att uppnå de långsiktiga effekter som programmet syftar till. Det är dock alltid i deltagande organisationer1 som sådana effekter uppstår.Det finns ett antal rapporter som visar på svårigheten för externt finansierade utvecklingsprogram att nå de effekter som de syftar till (ITPS A2004–009; RiR-report 2005:6; SOU 2005:93, VA 2008:11, Göransson & Sundin 2006, Tillväxtverket: Rapport 0129, 2012). Det är således ett samhälleligt problem om kostsamma utvecklingsprogram inte levererar det de syftar till. Det gäller inte minst offentligt finansierade program. De skattepengar som satsas får då inte den utväxling som var tänkt. På senare år har det dock kommit rapporter om att önskade effekter visst nås – men att de är svåra att fånga då det ofta krävs på en rad av varandra följande utvecklingsprogram och projekt för att önskade effekter ska uppstå (Svensson m fl. 2013). Frågan om varför långsiktiga effekter uppstår i organisationer som stöttas av utvecklingsprogram torde därför fortfarande vara högaktuell.Forskning om omständigheter som påverkar långsiktiga effekter i stora utvecklingsprogram är följaktligen ett angeläget men relativt nytt forskningsområde. Forskningsområdet har paralleller med tidigare forskning om hållbara arbetssystem (Docherty m fl. 2009). Ett hållbart arbetssystem är ett system där de resurser som används regenereras. Det gäller såväl mänskliga som ekonomiska och ekologiska resurser (Stebbins & Shani 2009). Ett hållbart arbetssystem bygger på en hållbar utveckling. Hållbar utveckling (sustainable development) bygger på ständigt lärande (Shani & Docherty 2003). Det är följaktligen utveckling som håller över tid (pågår länge) vilket inte ska förväxlas med utveckling som leder till något som är hållbart (varaktigt). I ett hållbart arbetssystem anses ett brett lärande vara viktigt. Med brett lärande menas att många intressenter deltar i lärandet. (Stebbins & Shani 2009).Genom empiriska studier, av offentligt finansierade stora utvecklingsprogram, har drivkrafter som liknar de som ses som viktiga i hållbara arbetssystem även setts som betydelsefulla för ett hållbart utvecklingsarbete (Svensson m fl. 2007a). Ett hållbart utvecklingsarbete definierats här som ett utvecklingsarbete som inte förbrukar mänskliga eller ekonomiska resurser i onödan. Istället används resurser klokt för att lära av resultatet av tidigare utvecklingsarbete och för att fortsätta utveckla resultatet. De önskade långsiktiga effekter förväntas sedan komma genom att resultat kontinuerligt tas om hand och vidareutvecklas i organisationerna på detta sätt. Lärande, ändamålsenlig styrning och samverkan ses som viktiga förutsättningar för ett hållbart utvecklingsarbete (Brulin & Svensson 2011).Av detta resonemang framgår att lärande är en viktig drivkraft för ett hållbart utvecklingsarbete i organisationer (se även Brulin & Svensson (2011). Min ambition är att fördjupa förståelsen av lärandets betydelse för programutveckling, dvs. utveckling av det stöd som organisationer erbjuds i sitt utvecklingsarbete av programmen. Därför har jag sökt faktorer som kan påverka lär- och utvecklingsprocesser i stora utvecklingsprogram.Forskning om faktorer som påverkar lärande i arbetet är relativt vanlig (Ellström 2010a), men forskning om faktorer som påverkar lär- och utvecklingsprocesser i stora utvecklingsprogram är begränsad. Lär- och utvecklingsprocesser i stora program inbegriper individen men det är inte den enskilde individens lärande i sig som är mitt huvudsakliga intresse här. Det är gemensamt lärande mellan personer med olika roller och funktioner i programmen som står i fokus i studien.Studien baseras på datainsamling i två stora nationella program som jag har valt att kalla Lärarutbildningsprogrammet och Industriprogrammet2. Min roll i forskningsprojekten inom de båda programmen har till stor del bestått i att samla empiri, skriva forskningsrapporter och organisera läraktiviteter, men även dokumentera de organiserade läraktiviteter vars syfte var att stödja lär- och utvecklingsprocesser i programmen. Det är från dessa läraktiviteter jag hämtar merparten av empirin för avhandlingen. Organiserade läraktiviteter i stora programsatsningar, speciellt de med fokus på utveckling och innovation, har tidigt setts vara ett stöd för programmen (exempelvis Lundvall 1992).
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| 7. |
- Jederud, Sandra
(författare)
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New manifestations of the practice-theory dilemma – consequences of ‘the practice turn’ in teacher education
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis comprises four studies that concern the specific part of practicum within teacher education, its relation to the university-based components and how new organizational ideas entail different consequences for student teachers’ opportunities for learning the profession. The overall purpose is to analyze policies related to learning in practice and shed light on what implications are involved when reorganizing Swedish teacher education within the ‘practice turn’. More explicitly, the purpose is to illuminate two manifestations of a more practice-based teacher education – paired practicum within specific practice schools and work-integrated teacher education, where student-teachers are employed as teachers while attending courses at university. Two concepts of knowledge are used as the main theoretical framework; spectator knowledge and participant knowledge, and the concept of boundary crossing and enfolded learning mechanisms. The data are extracted from policy documents regarding the two latest teacher education reforms in 2001 and 2009, as well as from interviews with different parties pertaining within the above two manifestations of the practice turn. Study I concerns whether there are signs of a practice turn in national policy regarding teacher education and how this is addressed in local policy. The study focuses on what is expressed regarding the opportunities student teachers are provided with in order to learn the profession of teaching. Study II explores how pre-school student teachers perceive their opportunities for learning within paired practicum at specific practice schools. Study III also addresses paired practicum within specific practice schools, but data is collected from mentors within upper secondary school regarding their perception of this way of organizing practice. Finally, Study IV concerns a work-integrated teacher education programme and how teacher educators perceive students´ opportunities for learning when they move between the contexts of work and university. The results mainly show that there is an ambivalence concerning what should be given the most value regarding student teachers´ opportunities for learning. Findings also show that the manifestations of ‘the practice turn’ imply a shifting of positions for student-teachers as well as mentors and university teachers. The four studies also identify that the organizational structures of practice have implications for what opportunities for learning students are provided with. Thus, structural changes regarding practice within teacher education enfold that adequate curriculum changes are needed. Furthermore, changes at an organizational level at university, at the connected specific practice schools, and in the workplaces where work-integrated student-teachers are employed are needed.
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| 8. |
- Lidman, Linda, 1978-
(författare)
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Employee-driven innovation in the public sector : At the intersection of innovation support and workplace conditions
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute knowledge about employee-driven innovation (EDI), with a particular focus on conditions in the workplace when innovation support is introduced in municipal contexts. The thesis is based on 23 qualitative interviews with managers, employees, and innovation coaches from three municipal sites in Sweden where innovation support has been implemented. The four included studies examine how innovation support is set up, what role first-line managers play, what drives employees to engage in EDI, and the outcomes of innovation work in the studied cases.The thesis’ results show how innovation support was set up as parallel structures operating independently from regular municipal operations, which made it difficult for employees and managers to connect and integrate innovation work with everyday work. Furthermore, the results show how the studied municipalities did not define clear objectives for working with innovation, which in turn resulted in a multitude of inextricably linked negative effects for the innovation support operations, the managers, the employees, and the outcome of the innovation work. In addition, the study results demonstrate the importance of providing rich environments for learning and innovation in the workplace, to consider and support employee engagement in public sector innovation and to support the entire innovation process, including the implementation phase. The first conclusion drawn is that employee-driven innovation work happens at the intersection of innovation support and current workplace conditions. This implies that support measures need to be integrated into employees’ everyday work to create favourable conditions for EDI. The second conclusion is that it is imperative for municipal organisations intending to support EDI to define objectives for working with innovation and to anchor and communicate these objectives throughout the organisation.
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| 9. |
- Reineholm, Cathrine, 1965-
(författare)
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Psychosocial Work Conditions and Aspects of Health
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Today’s working life has led to new requirements and conditions at the workplace, and additional factors may be of importance for employees’ health. Most earlier research has taken place in stable organizations, and has not taken changes in organizations into account. The way in which psychosocial work conditions affect employees’ health and well-being has been the topic of several studies but mental ill health is still one of the most common causes of sick leave in Sweden. Little attention is given to the importance of the workplace and organizational context for employees’ health. The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate how different aspects of health are associated with psychosocial work conditions in today’s working life.This thesis comprises two empirical studies. The first study is a longitudinal study, based on questionnaire data from 1010 employees at the Swedish Labour Market Administration. The second study is designed as a prospective cohort study, based on questionnaire data from 8430 employees in ten organizations, participating in the LOHP project. Linear and logistic regressions were performed to investigate associations between psychosocial work conditions and different aspects of health. Multilevel analysis was performed in one paper.The main findings in Paper I are that traditional job stress models are better for predicting ill health than good health. Different psychosocial work conditions may however, be useful for measuring different aspects of health, depending on whether the purpose is to prevent ill health or to promote health. In Paper II, psychosocial work conditions and symptoms of burnout were found to differ between different hierarchical levels, and different psychosocial work conditions were associated with symptoms of burnout at different hieratical levels. Paper III showed that psychosocial work conditions predict voluntary job mobility, and this may be due to two forces for job mobility: job dissatisfaction and career development. In Paper IV, a strong association between high work ability and better performance was found. Clear goals and expectations may result in improved psychosocial work conditions and work ability, which in turn affects employees’ performance.This thesis has provided knowledge regarding different aspects of health and psychosocial work conditions. Conditions at the organizational and workplace level set the prerequisites for if and how employees use their resources and their ability to act. Access to resources and the capacity to use them may vary depending on the employees’ hierarchal position. Occupational health research needs to focus on differences in psychosocial work conditions at different hierarchical levels. Organizations with clear goals and expectations may create more favourable conditions at work, supporting employees’ room for manoeuver, social capital and their ability to cope with working life, hence promoting health. Health promotion has a holistic approach and considers the work environment, the individual and the interplay between them. However, most health interventions at workplaces are directed to employees’ health behaviour rather than improvements in organizational and work conditions. To develop a good work environment it is necessary to identify conditions at work that promote different aspects of health. These conditions need to be tackled at the organizational, workplace and individual level, as good health is shaped by the interplay between the employee and the conditions for work.
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| 10. |
- Sjöberg Forssberg, Karin
(författare)
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Att skapa drivkrafter för lärande och förändring : En studie om jämställdhetsintegrering och dess förutsättningar i en kommun
- 2016
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Jämställdhetsintegrering är den huvudsakliga strategin för att uppnå de jämställdhetspolitiska målen i Sverige. Trots att strategin använts i drygt 20 år finns relativt lite forskning om praktiskt arbete med jämställdhetsintegrering. Syftet med denna avhandling är att, utifrån ett lärperspektiv, som har sin grund i verksamhetsteori, studera och bidra med kunskap om jämställdhetsintegreringsarbete och dess förutsättningar i en kommun. I studien görs en empirisk analys av jämställdhetsintegreringsarbetet i en kommun, som bedömts ligga i framkant när det gäller arbete med jämställdhetsintegrering. Avhandlingens frågeställningar är: 1. Hur organiseras och genomförs jämställdhetsintegreringsarbetet i kommunen? 2. Vilka förutsättningar underlättar respektive försvårar jämställdhetsintegreringsarbetet i kommunen? Kommunen deltog under tiden för insamlingen av data (2011 – 2013) i Program för Hållbar Jämställdhet, regeringens hittills enskilt största jämställdhetssatsning. Studien genomfördes utifrån en interaktiv forskningsansats i form av en kvalitativ fallstudie. Datainsamlingen baseras på intervjuer med 36 personer som representerade olika nivåer och funktioner i kommunen. I analysen har kommunens arbete med jämställdhetsintegrering studerats som en relation mellan två verksamhetssystem. Det ena verksamhetssystemet utgjordes av kommunkoncernen med två förvaltningar i fokus och det andra av den utvecklingsorganisation som utformades. Resultaten visar att utvecklingsorganisationen i hög grad bidrog till jämställdhetsintegreringsarbetet i kommunen, då det över tid uppstod olika motsättningar mellan de två verksamhetssystemen. Dessa motsättningar kan sägas ha satt igång expansiva lärprocesser, vilka bidrog till att arbetet med jämställdhetsintegrering påbörjades, och givet vissa förutsättningar, hölls vid liv. Motsättningarna kan ses som förutsättningar som både underlättade och försvårade jämställdhetsintegreringsarbetet. Motsättningar identifierades mellan politiska intentioner och lokalt utvecklingsarbete, mellan abstrakt och konkret jämställdhetsintegreringsarbete och i form av emergenta (framväxande) motsättningar. I studien dras några slutsatser. Den första är att planerade interventioner som sätter igång ett expansivt lärande behövs för att driva och fördjupa arbete med jämställdhetsintegrering. Sådana interventioner kan skapa motsättningar inom verksamheterna. Verksamheternas förmåga att hantera motsättningarna är avgörande för verksamheternas utveckling. En andra slutsats är att planerade stödaktiviteter är en förutsättning för att hantera de motsättningar som skapas av de planerade interventionerna. En handlingsberedskap behövs även för att ta hand om de oplanerade motsättningar som växer fram (emergenta), vilka annars riskerar att försvåra arbetet. Genom att skapa och hantera motsättningar inom verksamheter kan expansiva lärprocesser sättas igång, vilka i sin tur kan bidra till att verksamheterna, och inte enstaka individer förändras, vilket ökar möjligheterna att ge en mer jämställd service. Eftersom både yttre och inre tryck ofta saknas eller är svagt när det gäller jämställdhetsarbete är behovet av att skapa drivkrafter för arbetet stort.
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