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- Conti, David, V, et al.
(författare)
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Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Nature. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 53:1, s. 65-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prostate cancer is a highly heritable disease with large disparities in incidence rates across ancestry populations. We conducted a multiancestry meta-analysis of prostate cancer genome-wide association studies (107,247 cases and 127,006 controls) and identified 86 new genetic risk variants independently associated with prostate cancer risk, bringing the total to 269 known risk variants. The top genetic risk score (GRS) decile was associated with odds ratios that ranged from 5.06 (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.84-5.29) for men of European ancestry to 3.74 (95% CI, 3.36-4.17) for men of African ancestry. Men of African ancestry were estimated to have a mean GRS that was 2.18-times higher (95% CI, 2.14-2.22), and men of East Asian ancestry 0.73-times lower (95% CI, 0.71-0.76), than men of European ancestry. These findings support the role of germline variation contributing to population differences in prostate cancer risk, with the GRS offering an approach for personalized risk prediction. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across different populations highlights new risk loci and provides a genetic risk score that can stratify prostate cancer risk across ancestries.
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| 3. |
- Dixon-Suen, Suzanne C, et al.
(författare)
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Physical activity, sedentary time and breast cancer risk : a Mendelian randomisation study
- 2022
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Ingår i: British Journal of Sports Medicine. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 0306-3674 .- 1473-0480. ; 56:20, s. 1157-1170
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are associated with higher breast cancer risk in observational studies, but ascribing causality is difficult. Mendelian randomisation (MR) assesses causality by simulating randomised trial groups using genotype. We assessed whether lifelong physical activity or sedentary time, assessed using genotype, may be causally associated with breast cancer risk overall, pre/post-menopause, and by case-groups defined by tumour characteristics.METHODS: We performed two-sample inverse-variance-weighted MR using individual-level Breast Cancer Association Consortium case-control data from 130 957 European-ancestry women (69 838 invasive cases), and published UK Biobank data (n=91 105-377 234). Genetic instruments were single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated in UK Biobank with wrist-worn accelerometer-measured overall physical activity (nsnps=5) or sedentary time (nsnps=6), or accelerometer-measured (nsnps=1) or self-reported (nsnps=5) vigorous physical activity.RESULTS: Greater genetically-predicted overall activity was associated with lower breast cancer overall risk (OR=0.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42 to 0.83 per-standard deviation (SD;~8 milligravities acceleration)) and for most case-groups. Genetically-predicted vigorous activity was associated with lower risk of pre/perimenopausal breast cancer (OR=0.62; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.87,≥3 vs. 0 self-reported days/week), with consistent estimates for most case-groups. Greater genetically-predicted sedentary time was associated with higher hormone-receptor-negative tumour risk (OR=1.77; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.92 per-SD (~7% time spent sedentary)), with elevated estimates for most case-groups. Results were robust to sensitivity analyses examining pleiotropy (including weighted-median-MR, MR-Egger).CONCLUSION: Our study provides strong evidence that greater overall physical activity, greater vigorous activity, and lower sedentary time are likely to reduce breast cancer risk. More widespread adoption of active lifestyles may reduce the burden from the most common cancer in women.
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- Kapoor, Pooja Middha, et al.
(författare)
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Combined associations of a polygenic risk score and classical risk factors with breast cancer risk
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0027-8874 .- 1460-2105. ; 113:3, s. 329-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We evaluated the joint associations between a new 313-variant PRS (PRS313) and questionnaire-based breast cancer risk factors for women of European ancestry, using 72 284 cases and 80 354 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. Interactions were evaluated using standard logistic regression and a newly developed case-only method for breast cancer risk overall and by estrogen receptor status. After accounting for multiple testing, we did not find evidence that per-standard deviation PRS313 odds ratio differed across strata defined by individual risk factors. Goodness-of-fit tests did not reject the assumption of a multiplicative model between PRS313 and each risk factor. Variation in projected absolute lifetime risk of breast cancer associated with classical risk factors was greater for women with higher genetic risk (PRS313 and family history) and, on average, 17.5% higher in the highest vs lowest deciles of genetic risk. These findings have implications for risk prevention for women at increased risk of breast cancer.
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| 7. |
- Håkansson, N Thomas
(författare)
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Cattle, Climate, and Caravans : the Dynamics of Pastoralism, Trade, and Migration in 19th-Century East Africa
- 2022
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Ingår i: Migration in Africa : Shifting Patterns of Mobility from the 19th to the 21st Century. - London : Routledge. - 9781032125299 ; , s. 95-111
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter explores the interrelationships between the international trade in ivory, climate, migrations, and the expansion of pastoralism in 19th-century East Africa. The main thesis is that the ivory trade created an economic field of exchange that funneled cattle from the north to central East Africa. The increasing number of cattle, in turn, accelerated migrations from agricultural areas into pastoralist societies and spaces. A major and a minor drought that took place during this period influenced all of these. Earlier historical and anthropological studies of East African pastoralists have largely focused on local or regional adaptations to climate and the natural environment rather than on their dependence on trade and world system relationships. However, recent research emphasizes the changing and fluid regional economies, productive specializations, and long-distance trade that East African pastoralists shared with their peers in West Africa and the Middle East. Later, during the colonial period, while the parameters changed, the reasons for migrations continued to be conditioned by the same goals of social reproduction through cattle accumulation, social networks, and family expansion.
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| 8. |
- Håkansson, N Thomas
(författare)
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History and the Problem of Synchronic Models
- 2010
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Ingår i: Current Anthropology. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0011-3204 .- 1537-5382. ; 51, s. 105-107
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Annan publikation (refereegranskat)
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| 9. |
- Håkansson, N Thomas
(författare)
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Inequality and the return to structure in anthropology
- 2017
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Ingår i: Reviews in Anthropology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0093-8157 .- 1556-3014. ; 46, s. 106-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The four books under review are all more or less explicitly critical of the impact of post-modernism on socio-cultural anthropology and archaeology. They all call for the building of anthropology by reconnecting to the earlier traditions of structural and comparative analysis. Although spanning both socio-cultural anthropology and archaeology, they set the focus clearly on the pervasive influence of inequality on social processes. The different authors demonstrate the explanatory power of concepts such as class, surplus, inequality, and structure for a multitude of contexts from prehistoric foragers to neo-liberal market ideologies.
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| 10. |
- Håkansson, N Thomas
(författare)
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Ivory: Socio-ecological consequences of the east african ivory trade
- 2013
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Ingår i: Ecology and Power : Struggles over Land and Material Resources in the Past, Present and Future. - : Routledge. - 9780415601467 ; :18, s. 124-142
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pastoralist populations in East Africa appear in the archaeological record 4,000–4,500 years ago, and specialized pastoralism has occurred and disappeared at different times and places over the last two or three millennia (Gifford-Gonzales 1998). While these geographically widespread pastoral societies have received much scholarly attention from a variety of disciplines, the prevailing interpretation of the long history of this socio-ecological specialization focuses on local and/or regional economic and ecological conditions. Yet, the emergence, maintenance, and spread of this form of livelihood as a productive specialization must be explained and not taken for granted. In the literature on East Africa, authors often view pastoralism as an unproblematic consequence of favorable environmental conditions and herd growth (e.g., Spencer 1998: 2–3; Marshall 1990; Schneider 1979). I argue here, like Henrichsen (2000), that pastoralism must be analyzed not as a given natural condition but as a result of wealth accumulation, which is historically constructed in contexts of social and economic world-system linkages. Furthermore, I argue that while instances of pastoralism may have occurred as local developments in time and space, the periods of widespread geographical and demographic expansions and contractions of pastoralist societies during the last millennium are linked to the global trade in ivory, and thus to the world-system.
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