| 1. |
- Chen, Yingchao, et al.
(författare)
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Extended-exergy based energy return on investment method and its application to shale gas extraction in China
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy Return on Investment (EROI) has become a policy analysis tool related to sustainability. However, most EROI studies adopt the standard EROI method, which has two inherent defects. First, standard EROI leaves out energy quality. Second, input factors such as labor, auxiliary services and environmental factors are not considered. Therefore, this paper introduces exergy into the EROI calculation and establishes a new extended exergy-based EROI (ExEROI). ExEROI treats "available energy" as energy quality; with the idea of embodied flows, ExEROI quantifies all the five input factors of the EROI analysis framework. Shale gas exploitation in the Sichuan Basin is used as an example in the case study. The ExEROI result is 9.68, which is much lower than the standard EROI result of 82.95. This is due to the inclusion of more input factors and the fact that the input factors are measured by exergy. Specifically, the auxiliary service input factor accounts for 77.10% of the total inputs, and such inputs are ignored by the standard EROI method. ExEROI makes up for the shortcomings of standard EROI and avoids the possible misinformation caused by standard EROI. ExEROI has the potential for use as an integral aspect of energy resource exploitation evaluations.
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| 2. |
- Delannoy, Louis, et al.
(författare)
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Emerging consensus on net energy paves the way for improved integrated assessment modeling
- 2024
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Ingår i: Energy & Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 1754-5692 .- 1754-5706. ; 17:1, s. 11-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Extracting, processing, and delivering energy requires energy itself, which reduces the net energy available to society and yields considerable socioeconomic implications. Yet, most mitigation pathways and transition models overlook net energy feedbacks, specifically related to the decline in the quality of fossil fuel deposits, as well as energy requirements of the energy transition. Here, we summarize our position across 8 key points that converge to form a prevailing understanding regarding EROI (Energy Return on Investment), identify areas of investigation for the Net Energy Analysis community, discuss the consequences of net energy in the context of the energy transition, and underline the issues of disregarding it. Particularly, we argue that reductions in net energy can hinder the transition if demand-side measures are not implemented and adopted to limit energy consumption. We also point out the risks posed for the energy transition in the Global South, which, while being the least responsible for climate change, may be amongst the most impacted by both the climate crisis and net energy contraction. Last, we present practical avenues to consider net energy in mitigation pathways and Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), emphasizing the necessity of fostering collaborative efforts among our different research communities.
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| 3. |
- Feng, Cuiyang, et al.
(författare)
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The role of energy-water nexus in water conservation at regional levels in China
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 210, s. 298-308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy and water resources are drawing increasing attention in China as indispensable elements of economic development and social stability. Energy production has led to widely debated issues such as water shortage and water pollution. Studies on their interrelation - i.e. the energy-water nexus - indicate that energy conservation impacts water resources. Energy conservation can bring synergy on water resources, but it is an unsettle issue to what degree energy conservation could indirectly protect water resources. In this work, we built an accounting framework to assess the synergy of energy conservation on both water quantity and quality at regional levels. Multiregional input-output (MRIO) analysis and economic parameters such as water price and treatment costs of water resources are applied to evaluate the value of synergy. The results show that Jiangsu saved the largest quantity of water with a volume of63.7 x 10(8)m(3), while Hunan achieved the largest reduction of wastewater with a volume of 3.2 x 10(8)m(3) during 2007-2012. The total synergy was divided into two aspects: internal and external. The former was generally larger in most regions except Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Hainan, Shaanxi, Anhui and Inner Mongolia. The results of an economic assessment show that China achieved 1.1 x 10(12) yuan of economic benefit through the synergy benefits from a holistic perspective. Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian, Shandong and Heilongjiang were primary beneficiaries due to their significant synergistic water saving and high shadow price of water resources. The proposed assessment framework may help understand the situation of regional resources conservation from both synergistic and economic perspectives. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Höök, Mikael, Docent, 1982-
(författare)
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Mapping Chinese Supply
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Energy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2058-7546. ; 3:3, s. 166-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Documenting the emissions and net energy of a crude supply could be essential to meeting national emission and energy security targets. Using data from hundreds of fields worldwide, a well-to-refinery study presents a high-granularity profile of China’s crude oil supply in terms of emissions and energy return on input.
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| 5. |
- Jiang, Yuqing, et al.
(författare)
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Mitigation strategies of air pollution : case studies of China and the United States from a consumption perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Policy. - : Elsevier. - 1462-9011 .- 1873-6416. ; 128, s. 24-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sino-US trade has been widely analyzed in academic circles as a typical case of bilateral trade. However, the structural pathways by which the US final demand contributes to Chinese air pollution emissions have not been well quantified and analyzed. This study combines an environmental extended multi-regional input-output (EEMRIO) analysis with structural path analysis (SPA) to analyze the evolution and structural patterns of PM2.5 emissions in China caused by 1764 types of final demand products in the US. It was found that the average annual growth rate of PM2.5 emissions in China due to the US final demand was 4.83% during 1995–2015. The results showed that before the global financial crisis, the embodied PM2.5 emissions in Nonmetal mineral products exported from China to the US were continuously decreasing, while embodied PM2.5 exports in Machinery and equipment were rapidly increasing. The direct impact of American demand on China was weakened, with its share dropped by more than half to 3.94%, but the indirect impact remained steady. The embodied PM2.5 emissions were also found to be gradually transitioning from the first production layer to the second and third, which relates to China's domestic economic development demand and environmental regulatory requirements. The maximum emission pathways for the major demand categories were identified, with emissions concentrated to Metallurgy and products and Sea transportation services. China should focus on specific industrial paths, implement comprehensive treatment of upstream and downstream, and achieve a low-emission industrial chain throughout the whole process to effectively reduce PM2.5 emissions.
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| 6. |
- Kuchler, Magdalena, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Fractured visions : Anticipating (un)conventional natural gas in Poland
- 2020
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Ingår i: Resources policy. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0301-4207 .- 1873-7641. ; 68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To better understand the recent Polish shale gas "frenzy", it is pertinent to study (un)conventional natural gas in the broader context of Poland as a post-communist country that has struggled to achieve a meaningful transformation of its coal-dominated energy system. By scrutinising official documents issued by the Polish government institutions between 1990 and 2017, we disclose specific fractures in how the role and scope of natural gas in the energy system have been envisioned in national policies and strategies. We demonstrate that the fractures occur at the intersection of two distinct logics: security concerned with the preservation of existing conditions and transition focused on change in the energy system. We draw attention to the shortcomings of prognostic practices underpinning both security and transition: overestimation in demand forecasts and uncertainty of resource estimates. In the effort to transform the national energy system, Poland's natural gas policy miscalculations have resulted in a substantial demand-side discontinuity and lock-in to one external gas supplier, which exacerbated the country's preoccupation with supply-side security. Yet, Polish high hopes for developing home-grown gas from shales lacked concrete policy visions and were a symptom of long-term stress that has gradually accumulated as the result of supply-demand imbalances.
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| 7. |
- Li, Nu, et al.
(författare)
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Methane emission reduction in China's natural gas industry : Construction of technology inventory and selection of optimal technology programs
- 2024
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Ingår i: Sustainable Production and Consumption. - : Elsevier. - 2352-5509. ; 44, s. 39-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Methane (CH4) is a potent yet short-lived greenhouse gas (GHG), and CH4 emissions from China's natural gas industry hinder its low-carbon and high-quality development. This paper addressed this challenge by compiling emission reduction technology inventory targeting CH4 emissions from process and vented within the natural gas industry. Using a multi-objective optimization model and the NSGA-II algorithm, various technology programs were generated to minimize both emissions and costs simultaneously. These programs underwent classification using quadrants and the osculating value method to identify optimal programs for emission reduction and costeffectiveness. This paper examined 30 potential programs as samples for upstream and midstream. The study demonstrated that for decision-makers with preferences, this paper employed quadrant classification, categorizing all potential programs into three categories: "emission reduction," "cost," and "comprehensive." This categorization met the demand preferences of different decision-makers. For decision-makers lacking specific preferences, the paper identified the best emission reduction technology programs under the current target using the osculating value method. Specifically, in the upstream, the most effective program achieved a 37.85 % reduction in emissions, highlighting "Reduced Emissions Completions for Hydraulically Fractured Gas Wells" as the critical technology. In the midstream, the best program achieved a reduction efficiency of 25.80 %, with "Replacing Wet Seals with Dry Seals in Centrifugal Compressors" contributing the most to emissions reduction. This study offers guidance and illuminating reference cases for the selection of CH4 emission reduction technologies within China's natural gas industry.
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| 8. |
- Li, Nu, et al.
(författare)
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Methane emissions from the natural gas industry in China : A systematically accounting based on the bottom-up approach
- 2024
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Ingår i: Gas Science and Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 2949-9097 .- 2949-9089. ; 126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The comprehensive and meticulous assessment of methane (CH4) emissions stemming from the natural gas industry stands as an imperative endeavor in steering the natural gas industry toward a trajectory of low-carbon sustainability. This study has meticulously constructed detailed facility-level inventories for CH4 emissions within China's natural gas industry and used a bottom-up approach to fully account for both direct and indirect CH4 emissions. The findings reveal a notable increase in CH4 emissions within the natural gas industry in China, rising from 2.04 Mt in 2012 to 3.94 Mt in 2021. Regionally, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Xinjiang emerged as the primary emission contributors in 2020, signifying a shift from northeastern and northern China to northwestern and southwestern regions during the 2012–2020 period. The fluctuations in emissions, both overall and regionally, closely align with the evolving landscape of China's natural gas sector. Projections for future CH4 emissions indicate a continued upward trajectory in tandem with industry growth. Consequently, the study emphasizes the urgency of implementing emission reduction measures in China's natural gas industry. Timely intervention is crucial to ensuring the orderly progression of the industry while effectively curbing the associated CH4 emissions.
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| 9. |
- Ren, Kaipeng, et al.
(författare)
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Bi-objective optimization of water management in shale gas exploration with uncertainty : A case study from Sichuan, China
- 2019
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 143, s. 226-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shale gas exploration relies heavily on freshwater inputs while generating large amounts of wastewater. With the quick development of shale gas, water management during exploration has increasingly become a hotspot from both environmental and economic perspectives. This study investigated all the key water-consuming phases in exploration and optimized the freshwater use and flowback water control using a bi-objective programming model with the consideration of uncertainties in each phase, aiming at the optimal trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives. The model conducted a case study of shale gas projects in Sichuan, China. The results show that (a) Tolerance of the uncertainty in water demand for hydraulic fracturing can effectively reduce both economic and environment cost, thereby reducing total system cost. (b) System costs depends on risk preferences of decision-makers. (c) Direct reuse is the best strategy to treat wastewater at the early phase of hydraulic fracturing; while more constraints other than onsite treatment costs should be considered when treating produced water during the production phase. (d) There exists an "economics of scale" in the water management during shale gas exploration.
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| 10. |
- Ren, Kaipeng, et al.
(författare)
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Bridging energy and metal sustainability : Insights from China's wind power development up to 2050
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concerns over anthropogenic climate change and sustainable development motivate rapid expansion of renewable energy in China. This paper explores metal demand caused by projected wind power developments in China up to 2050. Dynamic material flow analysis is combined with explorative energy scenarios to evaluate induced demand of base metals (copper, steel, aluminum, nickel) and rare earth elements (neodymium and dysprosium). The results indicate that annual demand of base metals for Chinese wind power is up to 12 times larger in 2050 than in 2018, and the cumulative demand is up to 23 times larger. Copper and nickel show greater supply pressure than aluminum and steel in the wind power sector. Cumulative copper and nickel demand of wind power sector are 9-11.9 Mt and 2.1-2.8 Mt respectively, which corresponds to 35-45.9% of copper reserves and 74-101% of nickel reserves in China. For rare earth elements demand, more than 18-fold increases are expected for annual demand in 2050 compared with 2020, and cumulative demand of neodymium and dysprosium are 1.6-3.3% and 1.4-2.8% of their reserves respectively. Recycling will play an important role after 2050 as a secondary supply of metal for Chinese wind power, and lacks noteworthy impacts on short-term future outlooks.
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