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- Enoksen, Eystein, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions of leadership behavior and the relationship to athletes among Scandinavian coaches
- 2014
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum. - 2000-088X. ; 5, s. 131-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the perceptions of leadership behavior and coach–athlete relationship in Scandinavian coaches. A secondary purpose was to investigate if differences in national sport education, level of coaching and coaching experiences in individual or team sport have an influence on leadership behavior and coach–athlete relationships. One hundred and forty nine coaches at international level or national top level from Denmark, Norway and Sweden participated in this study (134 male and 15 female). The methods of investigation were Chelladurai’s Leadership scale of sport (LSS) (Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980) and Jowett’s coach–athlete relationship perspective (Jowett & Wyllemann, 2006). The results showed that the most frequent self-reported behavioral components between the described coach–athlete relationship subscales and preferred leadership behavior among Scandinavian top-level coaches were training and instructions, positive feedback and democratic behavior, respectively. The study also revealed a positive coach–athlete relationship between (1) commitment and training and instruction, (2) positive feedback and social support, and (3) between complementarities and training and instruction behavior. A significant difference was found between top coaches in Denmark and Sweden on commitment and complementarity, and more experienced coaches used significantly more training and instruction and social support in their coaching than did less experienced coaches. Coaches in team sports reported more autocratic behavior and less democratic behavior than coaches in individual sports.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Haugen, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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Psychometric Evaluation of the Norwegian Versions of the Modified Group Environment Questionnaire and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire
- 2021
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Ingår i: Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. - : Routledge. - 1091-367X .- 1532-7841. ; 25:4, s. 365-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed to translate the modified Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ) into Norwegian, examine the factor structure and reliability of the scales through independent clusters model confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and examine differential item functioning (DIF) as a function of sex. Three-hundred-and-thirty-three athletes (M(SD)age = 18.7(2.60) years; 33% females) completed the GEQ. Three-hundred-and-three athletes (M(SD)age = 15.0(1.48) years; 26% females) completed the YSEQ. Results indicated acceptable fit indices for a four-factor, a second-order two-factor (task and social), and a second order one-factor ESEM model for the GEQ. Cross-loadings and high latent factor correlations are issues in need of attention. The study supported the structural validity and reliability of the Norwegian YSEQ, with no major differences between the ICM-CFA and ESEM. No evidence of DIF as a function of sex was identified in either of the scales.
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| 4. |
- Johansen, Bjørn Tore, et al.
(författare)
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Leadership behaviors and coach-athlete relationships in Scandinavian Elite Coaches
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The purpose of the study was to investigate in a sample of Scandinavian elite coaches, the relationship between perceptionsof their own leadership behavior and their perception of the coach-athlete relationship.Method149 elite coaches (e.g. national top and/or international level) from Denmark (n=50), Norway (n=50) and Sweden (n=49) participated (134male, mean age 38.3±9.8yrs; 15 female, mean age 39.1±8.4). 58 percent of the coaches were coaches of individual sports and 42percent were coaches of team sports. 59 percent of the participants had at some point, undertaken academic study related to sport atuniversity level. A paper-copy questionnaires were distributed by post to all coaches listed in each country’s athletic federation index.Leadership behaviour: Coaches self reported their perceptions of their own leadership behaviors using the Leadership Scale for Sport(Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980). The Cronbach’s alpha for self reported leadership behavior was: .79 training and instruction, .59 positivefeedback, .66 social support, .78 democratic behavior, and .46 autocratic.Coach-athlete relationship: The nature of the coach-athlete relationship was evaluated using the 13-item Nordic Coach–Athlete RelationshipQuestionnaire (NOR-CART-Q; Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2003). The Cronbach’s alpha for closeness, commitment, and complementaritywas .83, .72 and .67 respectively.Results: Positive feedback, training and instruction, and democratic behavior were the most frequent self-reported behavior subscalesamongst the coaches. Moreover, it is a positive relationship between commitment and training and instruction (r=.25, p < 0.01) positivefeedback (r= 22, p < 0.01) and social support behavior(r=.22 p < 0.01). Complementarity was positively related to training and instructionbehavior (r=.17, p < 0.01). Multilevel logistic regression analyses indicated a significant difference between coaches in Denmark andSweden on commitment (5.39 vs. 5.95) and complementarity (5.82 vs. 6.26) and coaches who are educated in sport use more positivefeedback (4.25 vs. 4.41). Moreover, coaches with more than 10 years experiences in coaching us significantly more training and instruction(3.65 vs. 3.82) and social support (3.02 vs. 3.23) than coaches with less experiences. Furthermore, coaches in individual sport reportedmore democratic behavior (3.80 vs. 3.23) and less autocratic behavior (2.56 vs. 2.78) then coaches in team sport.Discussion: In general coaches with more experience and more sport education used more positive feedback and social support. Thestudy also revealed differences in leadership behavior between individual and team sport which is in line with former research.
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| 5. |
- Pusey, Christopher Garry, et al.
(författare)
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Put Some Music on : The Effects of pre-Task Music Tempo on Arousal, Affective State, Perceived Exertion, and Anaerobic Performance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Music & Science. - London : Sage Publications. - 2059-2043. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on the ergogenic effects of music on athletic performance usually includes multiple antecedents simultaneously. Consequently, this study set out to isolate a single antecedent using a highly controlled experiment. More specifically, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of pre-task, slow- and fast-tempo music on arousal, affective state, perceived exertion, and anaerobic rowing performance by isolating music tempo as the sole intrinsic musical factor. Forty young adults (male = 23, female = 17) participated in three trials where they all were exposed to no-music, slow-tempo, and fast-tempo music conditions in a randomized order. The music was exclusively composed for this study and equally novel for all participants. It was based on the same electronic track with a techno-orientation rendered to both 110 (slow-tempo) and 140 (fast-tempo) BPM. Following music exposure, the participants were momentarily asked to report levels of felt arousal and affective state before being instructed to perform a 30-s maximal rowing test on an ergometer. Upon completion of each rowing test, subjects were then asked to report their perceived exertion. Both fast- and slow-tempo pre-task music exposure led to increased arousal and positive affective state when compared to no music. Fast-tempo music led to a significantly higher mean power output than slow-tempo music. No significant differences were found for peak watt output or rating of perceived exertion when comparing all conditions. These findings suggest that exposure to pre-task music may offer positive psychological benefits prior to commencing anaerobic sporting tasks. Results also suggest that fast-tempo music may have an ergogenic effect on anaerobic performance. © The Author(s) 2023.
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| 6. |
- Schei, Gaute S., et al.
(författare)
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Development and Initial Validation of the Humor Climate in Sport Scale
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In sport teams, humor is an essential element that influences communication processes, and plays an important role in group dynamics. Despite this, no current instrument is presented in the literature to measure humor climate in sport teams. Therefore, the current study presents the development and initial validation of the Humor Climate in Sport Scale (HCSS). The aim was to assess content, structural and concurrent validity of the developed instrument, and to examine differential item functioning (DIF) as a function of sex. Three different phases were completed in this study. The first phase involved focus groups (n = 5) that explored humor as communication in a team sport context. In phase 2, information from the focus groups was used to create a pool of potential items for the questionnaire. Two discussion groups with sport science students contributed to the development of 80 potential items, that two different expert groups then assessed for item quality. The final version of the instrument after this phase contained 14 items, representing three different humor dimensions. In phase 3, two independent samples with a total number of 776 participants were recruited for the psychometric evaluation of the instrument. EFA, ICM-CFA, and ESEM analysis were performed, supporting a three-factor structure with positive humor, negative humor in-group, and negative humor out-group. In addition, partial DIF as a function of sex on the negative humor dimensions was found, indicating differences in how male and female interpret the negative humor items. The findings in the current study expand our understanding of humor in sport teams and may be a starting point for further research on humor climate in sport teams and its role in group function.
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| 7. |
- Schei, Gaute S., et al.
(författare)
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Identity leadership and cohesion in elite sport : The mediating role of intra-team communication
- 2023
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Ingår i: Heliyon. - London : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 9:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One perspective on leadership that has recently gained increased attention in sport is identity leadership; however, research on elite sport teams is still in its infancy. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to investigate identity leadership in elite team sports in relation to task cohesion, and subsequently to explore the mediating role of the intra-team communication dimensions of acceptance and distinctiveness. A cross-sectional design was employed and 441 elite athletes from division 1 and division 2 in handball and ice hockey participated in the present study. Structural equation modeling was used to assess relationships between identity leadership and task cohesion, and the mediating role of acceptance and distinctiveness. Results revealed that identity leadership positively predicted task cohesion, and that this relationship was mediated by intra-team communication acceptance. In conclusion, findings in the present study expand our understanding of performance-related benefits of identity leadership in elite sport. © 2023 The Authors
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