| 1. |
- Brodin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Gene-flow across the European crow hybrid zone - a spatial simulation
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Avian Biology. - 0908-8857. ; 44:3, s. 281-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In hybrid zones populations that are otherwise allopatric meet and produce hybrids. One of the most well-known hybrid zones occurs throughout much of Europe between the hooded and carrion crows. Even though these species (or subspecies) of crows look very different, genetic differentiation is weak, and introgression seems to be common. In a spatial simulation that was based on empirically estimated values, we investigated how introgressing alleles that would confer some fitness advantage would flow across the zone. The advantage was assumed to be some unknown factor that enhanced survival for carriers relative to non-carriers. We varied the yearly survival advantage between 0 to 10% and recorded how this would affect zone shape and position. In the simulation we cycled yearly' events such as reproduction, mortality and juvenile dispersal. We started the simulation by equipping all individuals of one crow type outside the zone with a homozygotic set of the beneficial allele. At all levels of advantage the allele first rapidly became fixed in the donator crow type, then transgressed into the receiving type more slowly and finally became fixed in all individuals. The time until fixation varied from around 176 yr for a 10% advantage to around 20 000 yr for 0% advantage. An exciting discovery was that the position of the zone would move during the introgression but then stop. The reason is that the beneficial allele would be common in the donating type but not in the receiving type during the introgression event. At large the crow hybrid zone appears to have been stable for a long time but there have been small recent northward movements of carrion crows in both Scotland and Denmark. We suggest that introgression by itself is a factor that should be considered as an explanation for why hybrid zones move temporarily.
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| 2. |
- Brodin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Hybrid zone maintenance by non-adaptive mate choice
- 2009
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-8477 .- 0269-7653. ; 23:1, s. 17-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a spatial simulation we show that formation of a stable, narrow hybrid zone requires no selection, only that individuals can recognize their own population type since this is a prerequisite for assortative mating. The European crow occurs in two species/subspecies that meet in a long hybrid zone, the black carrion crow Corvus corone and the grey and black hooded crow C. cornix. In a previous study (Brodin A, Haas F (2006) Anim Behav 72:139) we mimicked sexual imprinting in nestling crows with artificial neural networks, using a learning process that simulates proximate retina perception. The networks were trained on 700 images to recognize either carrion, hooded or hybrid phenotypes as their own. After training the networks were exposed to 300 new, unfamiliar pictures of crows. The networks that had been trained on pure subspecies then showed strong preference for their own type. Networks trained on hybrid crows showed weaker preference for their own type. Assuming that these preferences will determine mate choice preferences we have combined them with empirical data on dispersal of young crows to investigate what kind of geographical distribution pattern this would create. We then assume that the two subspecies meet and hybridize along a straight border. In only 60 generations a stable, narrow hybrid zone that resembles the real hybrid zone was formed. This zone remained stable over time. With minor adjustments of parameters the results would not only fit the width but also the shapes of the clines in the field.
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| 3. |
- Brodin, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Speciation by perception
- 2006
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Ingår i: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-8282 .- 0003-3472. ; 72:1, s. 139-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During sympatric and parapatric speciation the diverging populations maintain geographical contact throughout the speciation process. In theoretical models an isolating mechanism, such as assortative mating, is usually needed to obtain genetic separation of populations in contact. We simplified the visual appearance of the crows that occur in the crow hybrid zone in Europe, the carrion crow, Corvus corone, hooded crow, C. cornix, and hybrid crows. We then mimicked the sexual imprinting process by training artificial neural networks to separate their own type from the other two. The network learned pure phenotypes faster and better than the hybrid patterns showing that already at the receptor level there may be signal reception properties that will make speciation under sympatric and parapatric conditions possible. Thus, mate choice preference can be a self-emerging nervous system property not requiring evolutionary selection. (c) 2006 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
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| 4. |
- Cramer, Emily R. A., et al.
(författare)
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Morphology-Function Relationships and Repeatability in the Sperm of Passer Sparrows
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Morphology. - : Wiley. - 1097-4687 .- 0362-2525. ; 276:4, s. 370-377
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sperm performance is likely to be an important determinant of male reproductive success, especially when females copulate with multiple males. Understanding sperm performance is therefore crucial to fully understand the evolution of male reproductive strategies. In this study, we examined the repeatability of sperm morphology and motility measures over three breeding seasons, and we studied relationships between sperm morphology and function. We conducted this study in wild-derived captive house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Spanish sparrows (P. hispaniolensis). Results for the two species were similar. As predicted from results in other passerine species, total sperm length was highly repeatable across ejaculates, and repeatability for the length of other components was moderate. The repeatability of sperm swimming speed across ejaculates was lower, but statistically significant, suggesting that sperm velocity may be a relatively dynamic trait. Surprisingly, swimming speed did not correlate with the relative length of the midpiece, and it correlated negatively with the relative length of the flagellum and with total sperm length. This pattern is the opposite of what theory predicts and differs from what has been found in house sparrows before. Also contrary to previous work, we found no evidence that total sperm length correlates with sperm longevity. These results therefore highlight the need for a better understanding of relationships between sperm morphology and function in passerine birds. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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| 5. |
- Cramer, Emily R. A., et al.
(författare)
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Testing a post-copulatory pre-zygotic reproductive barrier in a passerine species pair
- 2014
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Ingår i: Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0762 .- 0340-5443. ; 68:7, s. 1133-1144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sexual selection may drive speciation, but most research focuses on pre-copulatory sexual selection, overlooking post-copulatory processes. Post-copulatory sexual selection in allopatric populations could drive divergence in post-copulatory pre-zygotic (PCPZ) phenotypes, limiting gene flow upon secondary contact. Here, we performed in vitro experiments examining one potential PCPZ barrier between two closely related passerine species, house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Spanish sparrows (Passer hispaniolensis). In birds, crossing in the vagina may be particularly challenging for sperm, so we tested the effect of female reproductive tract fluids on sperm swimming speed and motility. If a PCPZ barrier exists at this stage of the fertilization process, heterospecific female fluids are predicted to reduce sperm swimming speed or motility relative to conspecific female fluid. We found that house sparrow female fluids affected the two species' sperm asymmetrically, depending on the control sperm velocity and male species. Overall, however, sperm performed equally in conspecific and heterospecific female fluids, and the species had similar sperm morphology and sperm swimming performance. Low divergence in PCPZ phenotypes between species, perhaps because post-copulatory sexual selection is stabilizing or only moderately strong in these taxa, may be insufficient to cause an overall PCPZ barrier. Reinforcement may be unlikely to drive PCPZ barriers for this species pair, because relatively effective pre-copulatory barriers exist between the species, and because hybrids can be quite successful. Testing the role of PCPZ barriers in birds with more divergent PCPZ phenotypes will improve our understanding of speciation in passerines.
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| 6. |
- Eroukhmanoff, F., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Species Interaction on Beak Integration in an Avian Hybrid Species Complex
- 2014
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0071-3260 .- 1934-2845. ; 41:3, s. 452-458
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theory predicts that variability in size and the shape of a morphological trait should often be stable both at the intra- and interspecific level. We studied variation in beak integration among several populations of two species of the genus Passer, a hybrid species, the Italian sparrow (Passer italiae) and one of its parents, the Spanish sparrow (Passer hispaniolensis). We show that the general shape of the beak has been conserved in these two species and that hybrid speciation has had no major effects on beak integration. However, in young, sympatric populations, phenotypic integration between beak height and length decreased significantly, to the extent that these two dimensions apparently became independent. This displacement in phenotypic integration seems to be accompanied with changes in the distribution of phenotypic variation at the univariate level. This suggests that while beak shape may have been constrained over evolutionary time-scales and major hybridization events (i.e. the formation of the hybrid Italian sparrow), under specific selection regimes linked to secondary contact, it can evolve rapidly.
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| 7. |
- Eroukhmanoff, Fabrice, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental evidence for ovarian hypofunction in sparrow hybrids
- 2016
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Ingår i: Avian Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 2053-7166. ; 7:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundPostzygotic isolation in the form of reduced viability and/or fertility of hybrids may help maintain species boundaries in the face of interspecific gene flow. Past hybridization events between house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Spanish sparrows (P. hispaniolensis) have given rise to a homoploid hybrid species, the Italian sparrow (P. italiae). Although genetic incompatibilities are known to isolate these three species, the biological consequences of these incompatibilities are still unknown in early generation hybrids.MethodsWe investigated whether F1 hybrids between house and Spanish sparrows experience reduced viability or fertility. More specifically, we generated hybrids through controlled crosses in aviaries, and compared ovaries of female hybrids with female of pure-species sparrows.ResultsWe found that overall, hybrid ovaries were underdeveloped and that half of all female hybrids exhibited symptoms of ovarian hypofunction (ovarian atrophy and complete absence of developed follicles).ConclusionsFertility in hybrids is a common consequence or post-zygotic barriers between species. We discuss these results in light of previous findings on genetic incompatibilities between the parent species and the potential role of incompatibilities in hybrid speciation, a rare evolutionary process in birds.
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| 8. |
- Gaget, Elie, et al.
(författare)
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Benefits of protected areas for nonbreeding waterbirds adjusting their distributions under climate warming
- 2021
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Ingår i: Conservation Biology. - : Wiley. - 0888-8892 .- 1523-1739. ; 35:3, s. 834-845
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993–2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTISD). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTISD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTISD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming.
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| 9. |
- Gaget, Elie, et al.
(författare)
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Protected area characteristics that help waterbirds respond to climate warming
- 2022
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Ingår i: Conservation Biology. - : Wiley. - 0888-8892 .- 1523-1739. ; 36:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Protected area networks help species respond to climate warming. However, the contribution of a site's environmental and conservation-relevant characteristics to these responses is not well understood. We investigated how composition of nonbreeding waterbird communities (97 species) in the European Union Natura 2000 (N2K) network (3018 sites) changed in response to increases in temperature over 25 years in 26 European countries. We measured community reshuffling based on abundance time series collected under the International Waterbird Census relative to N2K sites’ conservation targets, funding, designation period, and management plan status. Waterbird community composition in sites explicitly designated to protect them and with management plans changed more quickly in response to climate warming than in other N2K sites. Temporal community changes were not affected by the designation period despite greater exposure to temperature increase inside late-designated N2K sites. Sites funded under the LIFE program had lower climate-driven community changes than sites that did not received LIFE funding. Our findings imply that efficient conservation policy that helps waterbird communities respond to climate warming is associated with sites specifically managed for waterbirds.
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| 10. |
- Green, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Fåglar på fågelskär i de stora sjöarna : Utvärdering av det gemensamma delprogrammet Insjöfåglar
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna rapport utvärderar vid det Gemensamma delprogrammet (GDP) Insjöfåglar, det vill säga de inventeringar av sjöfåglar under häckningstid som gjorts på fågelskär i de fyra största insjöarna i landet; Vänern, Vättern, Mälaren och Hjälmaren. Inventeringarna har genomförts i regi av läns-styrelserna kring sjöarna och sjöarnas Vattenvårdsförbund. Huvudfokus i rapporten ligger på populationstrender för utvalda sjöfågelarter för respektive sjö, samt för alla sjöar gemensamt.Inventeringar av fåglar på fågelskär har skett under olika lång tid i de olika sjöarna. Först ut var Vänern där heltäckande inventeringar av fåglar på fågelskär pågått sedan 1994 och nu därmed under 25 år. Därefter kom inventeringar igång i Vättern 2002, i Mälaren år 2005 och i Hjälmaren år 2015. Vi kan därför beskriva 25-årstrender från Vänerns fågelskär, 17-års-trender för Vätterns fågelskär och trender över 14 år för Mälarens fågelskär. För Hjälmarens fågelskär kan vi ännu inte beräkna några trender, men detta kommer att bli möjligt när minst fem inventeringsår har genomförts. För de stora sjöarna gemensamt går det att beräkna populationstrender för hela den period varifrån det finns inventeringar från någon av sjöarna, det vill säga samma 25-årsperiod som för Vänern. Detta genom att vi använder avancerad statistik som kan ta hänsyn till att det inte inventerats under lika lång period i alla sjöarna.Vi presenterar trender för 29 olika fågelarter totalt sett. För de enskilda sjöarna är antalet arter som det går att presentera en trend för lägre. Från Vänern visar vi trender för 28 arter 1994–2018, från Vättern för 19 arter 2002–2018 och från Mälaren för 22 arter 2005–2018. I långtidsperspektivet 1994–2018 har utvecklingen för fåglar på fågelskär i de stora sjöarna generellt varit positiv. Under denna period har 18 arter statistiskt säkra ökningar och fem arter statistiskt säkra minskningar i alla sjöarna gemensamt. Sex arter uppvisar inga säkerställda förändringar. I de enskilda sjöarna, för de perioder som täcks här är mönstren mer varierande. Allmänt sett har utvecklingen varit mer positiv i Vänern och Vättern än i Mälaren. I det kortare tidsperspektivet där inventeringar finns från de tre största sjöarna är mönstren inte lika positiva. Under den perioden uppvisar nio arter positiva trendriktningar, 15 arter negativa trendriktningar och fem arter visar inga tecken på tydliga förändringar i sjöarna sammantaget.Vi presenterar även förslag på möjliga miljömålsindikatorer baserade på data från programmet. Detta i form av trender för den samlade populations-utvecklingen för olika arturval. Vi rekommenderar i första hand att ett urval som innehåller arter som hämtar all eller huvuddelen av sin föda i sjöarna används som indikatorer. Detta då sådana indikatorer allra bäst bör spegla sjöarnas miljötillstånd. De framräknade indikatorerna bekräftar bilden som ges ovan genom att utvecklingen i Vänern till synes har varit mer positiv än i de andra sjöarna. I korttidsperspektivet är skillnaderna mellan sjöarna mindre.I rapporten tar vi även en allra första titt på fågeldata från fågelskären i jämförelse med resultat från de provfisken som gjorts i sjöarna. Resultaten är varierande, men i några fall finner vi de förväntade sambanden att det finns fler fiskätande fåglar i delområden där det finns mer fisk. Vi rekommenderar mer avancerade och detaljerade analyser av sambanden mellan fågeldata och andra data som på ett eller annat sätt beskriver sjöarna miljötillstånd och/eller andra former av biodiversitet i sjöarna. Vi tror att den typen av analyser kan bidra till en ökad förståelse av de olika ekologiska samband som finns i sjöarna och av hur och på vilka sätt som sjöarnas miljötillstånd varierar.Vi gör bedömningen att det mesta när det gäller själva upplägget och fältarbetet inom GDP Insjöfåglar fungerar alldeles utmärkt och bör fortsätta på i stort samma sätt framöver. Vi ser däremot en del brister när det gäller den datahantering som skett hittills och rekommenderar därför en översyn och samordning mellan ingående sjöar på det området. En sådan samordning bör ske inom ramarna för och i samarbete med den datavärd som programmet väljer att ansluta sig till.
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