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| 2. |
- Jönsson, Johanna, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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From fossil to biogenic feedstock - Exploring Different Technology Pathways for a Swedish Chemical Cluster
- 2012
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ECEEE industrial summer study.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a case study of the chemical cluster in Stenungsund, Sweden. The cluster is Sweden’s largest agglomeration of its kind and consists of five companies producing a variety of chemical products. For the cluster, different options for enhanced energy efficiency and converting to biogenic feedstock are investigated. Based on these options, nine different technology pathways are defined – representing different ways to fully or partly transform the cluster into an energy efficient biorefinery. For the pathways an impact analysis is made in which the pathways are analysed and discussed from different perspectives. The results show that up to 120 MW of heat can be saved if the plants were to implement extensive heat integration measures. This is equal to ~100% of the heat currently supplied by boilers based on purchased fuels. With moderate enhancement of the heat integration, roughly half of this potential can be reached. In the fossil feedstock is to be replaced with biogenic feedstock the feedstock demand is extensive, however, the exact amount and type of feedstock depends on the technology chosen, degree of heat integration and on whether full or partial substitution is to be achieved. Full substitution of the fossil ethylene demand by ethylene based on imported bioethanol would for example demand ~1 230 kt-bioethanol/yr. If the ethanol for the ethanol-to-ethylene process were to be produced on site (based on lignocellulosic biomass), 4 725 kt-dry biomass/yr of forest biomass would be required (more than the biomass demand for four large pulp and paper mills). The results also show that the scenarios for enhanced heat integration and introduction of biogenic feedstock, to different extents, are interdependent. Furthermore, one important finding from the impact analysis is that regardless of which pathway the cluster wants to travel in their journey towards sustainable chemistry, collaboration is a key issue.
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| 3. |
- Morandin, Matteo, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Economic feasibility of district heating delivery from industrial excess heat: A case study of a Swedish petrochemical cluster
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 65:Feb., s. 209-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work discusses the potential and the economic feasibility of DH (district heating) delivery using industrial excess heat from a petrochemical cluster at the Swedish West Coast. Pinch Analysis was used for estimating the DH capacity targets and for estimating the cost of heat exchanger installation. A discounted cash flow rate of return of 10% was used as a criterion for identifying the minimum yearly DH delivery that should be guaranteed for a given DH capacity at different DH sales prices. The study was conducted for the current scenario in which no heat recovery is achieved between the cluster plants and for a possible future scenario in which 50% of the fuel currently used for heating purposes is saved by increasing the heat recovery at the site. The competition between excess heat export and local energy efficiency measures is also discussed in terms of CO2 emission consequences. The maximum capacity of DH delivery amounts today to around 235 MW, which reduces to 110 MW in the future scenario of increased site heat recovery. The results of our analysis show that feasible conditions exist that make DH delivery profitable in the entire capacity range.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Eva Ingeborg Elisabeth, 1956, et al.
(författare)
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TSA II Stenungsund - Investigation of opportunities for implementation of proposed energy efficiency measures
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A Total Site Analysis (TSA) study of the chemical cluster in Stenungsund was conducted during 2010. This previous study is hereafter referred to as the TSA I study. The study was conducted by CIT Industriell Energi and the Division of Heat and Power Technology at Chalmers together with the participating cluster companies (AGA Gas AB, Akzo Nobel Sverige AB, Borealis AB, INEOS Sverige AB and Perstorp Oxo AB).In the TSA I study, measures to increase energy efficiency by increased energy collaboration (i.e. increased heat exchange between the cluster plants) were identified. The measures were classified according to ease of implementation based on consultation with plant staff. In this report, conducted within the framework of the second stage of the TSA research project (hereafter referred to as the TSA II project) practical issues associated with implementation of the identified measures are investigated. The investigation is limited to category A measures, considered by plant staff to be relatively easy to implement from a technical perspective. A conceptual design of a possible hot water system for exchanging heat between the different sites is presented. Since the steam systems of the different plants are at present only partly connected, or not at all, the overall reduction in steam use that would results from introduction of a hot water system would lead to steam surplus at certain sites. Therefore introducing a hot water system is only beneficial if new steam lines are also implemented so that it becomes possible to exchange steam between the individual plant sites. The exchange of steam is only possible if steam demand and steam excess are at the same pressure level. To avoid excess steam at low pressure level, demand of low pressure steam must increase. In order to increase the possibility to use more low pressure steam, the opportunities to decrease utility steam pressure in individual process heaters are analyzed. The implementation of energy efficiency measures in the refrigeration systems is also investigated. In practice this can be achieved by changing steam as heating utility to a fluid that can operate below ambient. In addition to the steam saving, the heat transfer fluid can transport energy from the current cooling systems and decrease the amount of compressor work required to operate the existing refrigeration system units.In order to achieve a reduction of purchased fuel for firing in boilers it is necessary to implement both a common site-wide circulating hot water system and a reduction of utility steam pressure used in several process heaters .The results show that if all measures that are considered by plant energy engineers to be feasible by moderate changes are carried out as suggested, fuel usage in boilers could be reduced by 89 MW (corresponding to 200 MSEK/year if fuel gas is valued at 270 SEK/MWh and year-round operation is assumed).A rough estimate of the total investment costs for the implementation of category A measures is 660 MSEK.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Viktor, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Algae-based biofuel production as part of an industrial cluster
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 71, s. 113-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a study on the production of biofuels from algae cultivated in municipal wastewater in Gothenburg, Sweden. A possible biorefinery concept is studied based on two cases; Case A) combined biodiesel and biogas production, and Case B) only biogas production. The cases are compared in terms of product outputs and impact on global CO2 emissions mitigation. The area efficiency of the algae-based biofuels is also compared with other biofuel production routes. The study investigates the collaboration between an algae cultivation, biofuel production processes, a wastewater treatment plant and an industrial cluster for the purpose of utilizing material flows and industrial excess heat between the actors. This collaboration provides the opportunity to reduce the CO2 emissions from the process compared to a stand-alone operation. The results show that Case A is advantageous to Case B with respect to all studied factors. It is found that the algae-based biofuel production routes investigated in this study has higher area efficiency than other biofuel production routes. The amount of algae-based biofuel possible to produce corresponds to 31 MWfuel for Case A and 26 MWfuel in Case B.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Viktor, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Dubbel energivinst med alger som biobränsle
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energimagasinet.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Idag kan produktionen av biobränsle påverka livsmedelsförsörjningen negativt. Istället för att biobränsleproduktion ska konkurrera med produktion av livsmedel kan en hittills outnyttjad resurs - kommunalt avloppsvatten - användas för produktion av alger som i sin tur kan användas till biogas och biodiesel. Ny forskning visar på denna potential.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Viktor, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated Algae Cultivation for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Biofuels Production in Industrial Clusters
- 2012
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Ingår i: World Renewable Energy Forum, WREF 2012. - 9781622760923 ; 1, s. 684-691
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a case study on biofuels production from microalgae cultivated in municipal wastewater in Gothenburg, Sweden. A) Combined biodiesel and biogas production and B) only biogas production, are compared in terms of product outputs, impact on global CO2 emissions reduction and economic performance. Land-use efficiency of biofuels from microalgae was compared with other biofuel production routes. The biofuel production process is assumed to be integrated with a wastewater treatment plant and an industrial cluster, providing the opportunity to reduce the CO2 emissions of the process compared to stand-alone operation.The results show that case A is advantageous in terms of all the studied factors. A higher area efficiency of algae biofuels production routes compared to other biofuel production routes was shown. Nutrient availability in municipal wastewater is shown to be the limiting factor regarding product output. The competitive advantage of co-location with a wastewater treatment plant is clearly shown.
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| 8. |
- Broberg, Sarah, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated Algae Cultivation for Biofuels Production in Industrial Clusters
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Declining fossil resources and the issue of climate change caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases make global action towards a more sustainable society inevitable. The EU decided in 2007 that 20 % of the union´s energy use should origin from renewable resources by the year 2020. One way of achieving this goal is to increase the utilisation of biofuels. Today 2nd generation biofuels are being developed. They are seen as a more sustainable solution than 1st generation biofuels since they have a higher area efficiency (more fuel produced per area) and the biomass can be cultivated at land which is not suitable for food crops. One of these 2nd generation biofuels are fuels derived from microalgae. In this study a thorough literature survey has been conducted in order to assess the State-of-the-Art in algae biofuels production. The literature review showed the importance of a supplementary function in conjunction with algae cultivation and therefore algae cultivation for municipal wastewater treatment and capturing CO2 emissions from industry was included in the study. It was assumed that all the wastewater of the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, was treated by algae cultivation. A computer model of the whole production process has been developed, covering; algae cultivation in conjunction with wastewater treatment, algae harvesting and biofuels production. Two different cases are modelled; a first case including combined biodiesel and biogas production, and a second case investigating only biogas production. Both cases have been evaluated in terms of product outputs, CO2 emissions savings and compared to each other in an economic sense. Utilising the nutrients in the wastewater of Gothenburg it is possible to cultivate 29 ktalgae/year. In the biogas case it is possible to produce 205 GWhbiogas/year. The biogas/biodiesel case showed a production potential of 63 GWhbiodiesel/year and 182 GWhbiogas/year. There is a deficit of carbon in the wastewater, hence CO2 is injected as flue gases from industrial sources. The biodiesel/biogas case showed an industrial CO2 sequestration capacity of 24 ktCO2/year while in the biogas case 22.6 ktCO2/year, could be captured. Estimating the total CO2 emissions savings showed 46 ktCO2/year in the biodiesel/biogas case and 38 ktCO2/year for the biogas case. The importance of including wastewater treatment in the process was confirmed, as it contributes with 13.7 ktCO2/year to the total CO2 emissions savings. Economic comparison of the two cases showed that biodiesel in conjunction with biogas production is advantageous compared to only biogas production. This is mainly due to the higher overall fuel yield and the high willingness to pay for biodiesel. The total incomes from biodiesel/biogas sales were calculated to 221 million SEK/year and 193 million SEK/year for biogas. It was found that the higher incomes from biodiesel/biogas sales repay the increased investment for the biodiesel process in approximately 3 years.
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| 9. |
- Bungener, S., et al.
(författare)
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Multi-period analysis of heat integration measures in industrial clusters
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442. ; 93, s. 220-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- TSA (total site analysis) has shown to be an efficient tool for identifying heat integration measures in industrial clusters, leading to the optimal design of utility systems and energy bill reduction. In order to justify investments, any proposed utility system must be shown to be able to operate in all configurations that an industrial cluster can encounter, especially those relating to varying heat demand. Previous TSAs have generally been carried out using yearly means of heat exchange loads or using scenarios corresponding to specific operation modes of the sites. While these have been useful for designing systems under normal conditions, they are not fit for evaluating minima and peaks in utility demand. Carrying out a TSA on each possible configuration of a cluster is not feasible from a computational and results analysis point of view. A method is therefore proposed to represent the variability of data over long periods in a reduced form in order to carry out engineering studies.A methodology is proposed to identify typical operating periods of an industrial cluster made up of several production units. This algorithm exploits a multi-objective optimisation to identify n periods that delimit typical operating modes or multiple profiles.A TSA was previously carried out on the Stenungsund petrochemical cluster in Sweden, leading to the design of a utility system to significantly reduce the overall energy consumption of the cluster. The solution proposes that a common utility system would decrease the hot utility demand from 124 MWth to 70 MWth. The multi-period analysis methodology is demonstrated by application to this case study in order to identify the resilience of the proposed solution when faced with variations in heat production and consumption. The multi-period analysis of the proposed utility system leads to the identification of a peak utility demand of 88 MWth rather than the previously identified 70 MWth. A Total Site Sensitivity Analysis leads to a better understanding of the contribution of each of the clusters units and feasibility of investments.
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| 10. |
- Grahn, Maria, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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The role of electrofuels: A cost-effective solution for future transport?
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electrofuels (also known as e.g., power-to-gas/liquids/fuels, e-fuels, or synthetic fuels) are synthetichydrocarbons, e.g. methane or methanol, produced from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water with electricity as primary energy source. The CO2 can be captured from various industrial processes giving rise to excess CO2 e.g. biofuel production plants, and fossil and biomass combustionplants. Electrofuels are interesting at least for the following reasons: (i) electrofuels may play an importantrole as transport fuels in the future due to limitations with other options and are potentially of interestfor all transport modes, (ii) electrofuels could be used to store intermittent electricity production,and (iii) electrofuels potentially provide an opportunity for biofuel producers to increase the yield from the same amount of biomass. The overall purpose of this project is to deepen the knowledge of electrofuels by mapping andanalyzing the technical and economic potential and by analyzing the potential role of electrofuels inthe future energy system aiming to reach stringent climate targets. The specific project targets include:(i) Mapping of the technical potential for CO2-recovering from Swedish production plants forbiofuels for transport and combustion plants.(ii) A review and analysis of different electrofuel production pathways and associated costsand an overall comparison with the production cost of other renewable transport fuels.(iii) An analysis of the potential conditions under which electrofuels are cost-effective comparedto other alternative fuels for transport in order to reach stringent climate targets. Main conclusions are: (1)Electrofuels used in combustion engines demand significantly more energy compared tobattery electric vehicles and hydrogen used in fuel cells, (2) Compared to biofuels, our estimates of the production costs of electrofuels are in the samesize of order but in the upper range or above, (3) The results of the energy system modelling indicate that electrofuels is not the most costefficientoption for road transport. Thus, it is not likely that electrofuels can compete withcurrent conventional fuels in road transportation (unless there are higher taxes on fossilCO2-emissions), (4) Under some circumstances (e.g., when assuming relatively high costs for other options),electrofuels may be able to complement battery electric vehicles and hydrogen used in fuelcells in a scenario reaching almost zero CO2 emissions in the global road transport sector, (5) The cost-competitiveness of electrofuels depends on e.g. the availability of advanced CO2reduction technologies such as CCS, and costs for the competing technologies, but also onthe costs and efficiencies of synthesis reactors and electrolysers for the electrofuel productionas well as the electricity price, (6) In the short term, renewable CO2 does not seem to be a limiting factor for electrofuels.However, the demand for renewable electricity represents a possible limiting factor especiallyin the case of large-scale production of electrofuels. The production cost may alsorepresent a challenge.
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