| 1. |
- Anckarsäter, Henrik, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS).
- 2011
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Ingår i: Twin Research and Human Genetics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1832-4274 .- 1839-2628. ; 14:6, s. 495-508
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) is an ongoing longitudinal twin study targeting all twins born in Sweden since July 1, 1992. Since 2004, parents of twins are interviewed regarding the children's somatic and mental health and social environment in connection with their 9th or 12th birthdays (CATSS-9/12). By January 2010, 8,610 parental interviews concerning 17,220 twins had been completed, with an overall response rate of 80%. At age 15 (CATSS-15) and 18 (CATSS-18), twins and parents complete questionnaires that, in addition to assessments of somatic and mental health, include measures of personality development and psychosocial adaptation. Twin pairs in CATSS-9/12 with one or both twins screening positive for autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, tic disorders, developmental coordination disorder, learning disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and/or eating problems have been followed with in-depth questionnaires on family, social environment and personality, and subsequently by clinical assessments at age 15 together with randomly selected population controls, including 195 clinically assessed twin pairs from the first 2 year cohorts (CATSS-15/DOGSS). This article describes the cohorts and study groups, data collection, and measures used. Prevalences, distributions, heritability estimates, ages at onset, and sex differences of mental health problems in the CATSS-9/12, that were analyzed and found to be overall comparable to those of other clinical and epidemiological studies. The CATSS study has the potential of answering important questions on the etiology of childhood mental health problems and their role in the development of later adjustment problems.
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| 2. |
- Berger, Vilma, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescents on psychotropic treatment displayed longer corrected QT intervals than unmedicated controls when they rose rapidly from the supine position
- 2024
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 113:7, s. 1621-1629
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Psychotropic medication can contribute to arrhythmia and identifying individuals at risk is crucial. This Swedish study compared the corrected QT (QTc) intervals of adolescents on psychotropic medication with unmedicated controls, when supine and after rising rapidly.Methods: The study was carried out at Östersund County Hospital in March 2022 and February to March 2023. It comprised 16 cases, aged 10–17 years and 28 controls. QTc intervals were measured with electrocardiography and calculated using Bazett's and Fridericia's formulas. Univariate and multiple linear regressions were used to assess differences in QTc intervals between the cases and controls and across sex, age and body mass index.Results: The mean QTc interval when supine, calculated with Bazett's formula, was longer for the adolescents on psychotropic medication than the controls (p = 0.046). The same was true for the mean QTc interval after rising rapidly from the supine position, calculated with both Bazett's formula (p = 0.009) and Fridericia's formula (p = 0.007). Mean QTc intervals varied by sex and age groups. Psychotropic medication prolonged QTc intervals, particularly in girls.Conclusion: Longer QTc intervals were found in adolescents on psychotropic medication, particularly after rising rapidly from the supine position.
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| 3. |
- Chang, Zheng, et al.
(författare)
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Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. - Hoboken, USA : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 55:8, s. 878-885
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: There are persistent concerns of long-term effects of stimulant ADHD medication on the development of substance abuse.Methods: Using Swedish national registers, we studied all individuals born between 1960 and 1998 and diagnosed with ADHD (26,249 men and 12,504 women). We investigated the association between stimulant ADHD medication in 2006 and substance abuse during 2009. Substance abuse was indexed by substance-related death, crime, or hospital visits.Results: ADHD medication was not associated with increased rate of substance abuse. Actually, the rate during 2009 was 31% lower among those prescribed ADHD medication in 2006, even after controlling for medication in 2009 and other covariates (hazard ratio: 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.57-0.84). Also, the longer the duration of medication, the lower the rate of substance abuse. Similar risk reductions were suggested among children and when investigating the association between stimulant ADHD medication and concomitant short-term abuse.Conclusions: We found no indication of increased risks of substance abuse among individuals prescribed stimulant ADHD medication; if anything, the data suggested a long-term protective effect on substance abuse. Although stimulant ADHD medication does not seem to increase the risk for substance abuse, clinicians should remain alert to the potential problem of stimulant misuse and diversion in ADHD patients.
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| 4. |
- Doering, Sabrina, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset anxiety and depression: Epidemiological and neurodevelopmental aspects.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Psychiatry research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-7123 .- 0165-1781. ; 312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Anxiety and depression are common in youth and are frequently accompanied by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is unclear how common ADHD, ASD, and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs, i.e., ADHD, ASD, developmental coordination disorder, learning disorder, and tic disorders) are in children versus adolescents with anxiety and depression. We aimed to delineate whether different anxiety/depression age-of-onset groups show distinguishable NDD patterns. The study was based on 4492 twins born in Sweden between 1998 and 2003 from the nation-wide population-based Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden. Prevalence and odds ratios were calculated using screening measures of anxiety and depression at ages 9 and 15, and NDDs at age 9. Individuals with childhood-onset anxiety/depression had a substantially higher NDD prevalence compared to individuals with adolescent-onset anxiety/depression. Highest prevalence was found for individuals with anxiety/depression both in childhood and adolescence. In this group, individuals also had substantially higher odds of having at least one NDD (14.7, 95% CI 6.3 - 34.0) compared to individuals without anxiety/depression. This emphasizes the need to further investigate the etiology of childhood and adolescent anxiety/depression, as they most likely represent different constructs depending on age-of-onset, lending support for possibly different treatment approaches.
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| 5. |
- Doering, Sabrina, et al.
(författare)
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Internalizing symptoms in adolescence are modestly affected by symptoms of anxiety, depression, and neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood
- 2022
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Ingår i: Bmc Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-244X. ; 22:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Internalizing disorders, such as anxiety and depressive disorders, are common mental disorders in young people, but a detailed understanding of the symptom continuity from childhood to adolescence that additionally includes a variety of neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) symptoms is lacking. We therefore aimed to assess the extent to which parent-reported anxiety, depression, and NDD symptoms in childhood predict parent-reported internalizing symptoms in adolescence. Methods We used the nation-wide population-based Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, comprising 4492 twins born in Sweden between 1998 and 2003 that were assessed at age 9, and then again at age 15. Linear regression in a structural equation modelling framework was used to analyze the data. Results Overall, our results indicate that 15.9% of the variance in internalizing symptoms at age 15 can be predicted by anxiety, depression, and NDD symptoms at age 9. Anxiety and NDD symptoms in childhood predicted the largest amount of internalizing symptoms in adolescence. Conclusions Adolescent internalizing symptoms are modestly affected by childhood symptoms of anxiety, depression, and NDDs, suggesting that they may represent different constructs across age. Future studies should further empirically investigate differences in etiology and trajectories of childhood versus adolescent internalizing symptoms.
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| 6. |
- Durbeej, Natalie, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in childhood and adolescent internalizing symptoms : results from Swedish population based twin cohorts
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMC Psychology. - : BioMed Central. - 2050-7283. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Previous research has noted trends of increasing internalizing problems (e.g., symptoms of depression and anxiety), particularly amongst adolescent girls. Cross-cohort comparisons using identical assessments of both anxiety and depression in youth are lacking, however.METHODS: In this large twin study, we examined trends in internalizing symptoms in samples of 9 year old children and 15 year old adolescents, gathered from successive birth cohorts from 1998 to 2008 (age 9) and 1994-2001 (age 15). Assessments at age 9 were parent-rated, and at age 15 self- and parent-rated. We examined (i) the relation between birth cohorts and internalizing symptoms using linear regressions, and (ii) whether percentages of participants exceeding scale cut-off scores changed over time, using Cochrane Armitage Trend Tests.RESULTS: Among 9 year old children, a significantly increasing percentage of participants (both boys and girls) had scores above cut-off on anxiety symptoms, but not on depressive symptoms. At age 15, a significantly increasing percentage of participants (both boys and girls) had scores above cut-off particularly on self-reported internalizing symptoms. On parent-reported internalizing symptoms, only girls demonstrated a corresponding trend.CONCLUSION: In line with previous studies, we found small changes over sequential birth cohorts in frequencies of depression and anxiety symptoms in children. Further, these changes were not exclusive to girls.
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| 7. |
- Frick, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
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Disrupted Attention to Other’s Eyes is Linked to Symptoms of ADHD in Childhood
- 2023
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Ingår i: Child Psychiatry and Human Development. - : Springer. - 0009-398X .- 1573-3327. ; 54:4, s. 973-984
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with impaired social interaction. Other’s eyes are important for understanding the social world. Here, we examined concurrent and longitudinal links between attention to other’s eyes and symptoms of ADHD and comorbid externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Eighty-two 8 to 13-year-old children (40% with ADHD) participated. The latency to a first gaze shift to and away from the eye region of human faces, when primed to look at either the eyes or the mouth, was recorded with eye tracking. Parents rated ADHD, externalizing and internalizing symptoms at the time of testing and at 2-year follow-up. The results show that longer looking at the eyes before reorienting was specifically associated with concurrent and future symptoms of inattention, even when accounting for comorbid symptoms. We conclude that the temporal microstructure of attention to other’s eyes is altered in children with symptoms of ADHD, which may contribute to social impairments.
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| 8. |
- Halldner Henriksson, Linda
(författare)
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Physiology and pathophysiology of central adenosine A1 and A2A receptors
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis was to further investigate the individual roles of central adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the physiological and pathophysiological effects of adenosine. In addition, the characteristics of different adenosine receptor ligands were studied. For these purposes pharmacological tools as well as mice lacking adenosine A1 and/or A2A receptors were used. Both adenosine A1 receptor knock-out and adenosine A1/A2A receptor double knock-out mice survived fetal life and developed no major defects. No significant change in baseline motor activity was seen in these knock-out mice. In situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography confirmed that the adenosine A1 receptor knock-out did not express any central adenosine A1 receptors. Adenosine A1 receptor heterozygotes expressed half the amount of the receptor. The same was due for the adenosine A2A receptor heterozygote regarding the adenosine A2A receptor expression. The expression of adenosine A2A receptors was not affected by absence of the adenosine A1 receptors. Rats that were sleep-deprived for 3 or 6 hours had altered levels of both adenosine A1 and A2A receptor mRNA. Adenosine A1 receptor mRNA was up-regulated specifically in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band in the basal forebrain. This up-regulation was not seen at the protein level. On the contrary, adenosine A2A receptor mRNA was down-regulated, and this was accompanied with a decrease in receptor binding after 3 but not 6 hours of sleep-deprivation. The alterations of the adenosine A2A receptor expression was observed only in the olfactory tubercle. The sleep pattern and the response to sleep deprivation was studied in mice lacking adenosine A1 receptors. These mice did unexpectedly not differ from their wild-type siblings in these respects. Adenosine A2A receptor knock-outs were more sensitive to hypoxia-ischemia than wild-type mice. They developed an aggravated brain damage, which resulted in altered behavior later in life. Adenosine A2A receptor knock-outs exposed to hypoxia-ischemia showed altered behavior in the open field test and performed less well in the rotarod test. Chronic administration of the locomotor activity stimulating adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH 58261 was given to rats. In contrast to previous studies with the non-selective adenosine antagonist caffeine, no tolerance developed to the motor stimulating effect after repeated injections of the drug. The locomotor effects of caffeine were analyzed in mice lacking adenosine A1 receptors. The dose-response curve for caffeine seemed shifted to the left, whereas response to high dose caffeine was unaltered in the knock-out. No locomotor stimulating effect was observed in adenosine A1/A2A receptor double knock-out mice in congruence with mice lacking only the adenosine A2A receptor. Finally, the selectivity of the adenosine receptor ligands DPCPX (A1 antagonist), SCH 58261(A2A antagonist), ZM 241385(A2A antagonist) and CGS 21680(A2A agonist) were tested by means of receptor binding in adenosine receptor knock-out brains. DPCPX did not bind to brains from adenosine A1 receptor knock-outs, whereas SCH 58261 and ZM 241385 did not bind in brains from adenosine A2A receptor knock-outs. CGS 21680 did however not bind in the striatum from adenosine A2A receptor knock-outs, but extra-striatal binding
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| 9. |
- Halldner, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Relative immaturity and ADHD : findings from nationwide registers, parent- and self-reports
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. - Stockholm : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 55:8, s. 897-904
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: We addressed if immaturity relative to peers reflected in birth month increases the likelihood of ADHD diagnosis and treatment.METHODS: We linked nationwide Patient and Prescribed Drug Registers and used prospective cohort and nested case-control designs to study 6-69 year-old individuals in Sweden from July 2005 to December 2009 (Cohort 1). Cohort 1 included 56,263 individuals diagnosed with ADHD or ever used prescribed ADHD-specific medication. Complementary population-representative cohorts provided DSM-IV ADHD symptom ratings; parent-reported for 10,760 9-year-old twins born 1995-2000 from the CATSS study (Cohort 2) and self-reported for 6,970 adult twins age 20-47 years born 1959-1970 from the STAGE study (Cohort 3). We calculated odds ratios (OR:s) for ADHD across age for individuals born in November/December compared to January/February (Cohort 1). ADHD symptoms in Cohorts 2 and 3 were studied as a function of calendar birth month.RESULTS: ADHD diagnoses and medication treatment were both significantly more common in individuals born in November/December versus January/February; peaking at ages 6 (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5-2.2) and 7 years (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3-1.8) in the Patient and Prescribed Drug Registers, respectively. We found no corresponding differences in parent- or self-reported ADHD symptoms by calendar birth month.CONCLUSION: Relative immaturity compared to class mates might contribute to ADHD diagnosis and pharmacotherapy despite absence of parallel findings in reported ADHD symptom loads by relative immaturity. Increased clinical awareness of this phenomenon may be warranted to decrease risk for imprecise diagnostics and treatment. We speculate that flexibility regarding age at school start according to individual maturity could reduce developmentally inappropriate demands on children and improve the precision of ADHD diagnostic practice and pharmacological treatment.
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| 10. |
- Jacobsson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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ADHD : Diagnostik och behandling, vårdens organisation och patientens delaktigheten systematisk litteraturöversikt
- 2013
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- ADHD En funktionsnedsättning med debut i baranåren. Kärmsymtom karaktäriseras av uppmärksamhetsproblem, impulsivitet ioch hyperaktivitet.I ett antal fall sker en normalisering eller mognadsprocess, i andra fall kan någon form av psykisk ohälsa förekommma samtidigt. Den diagnostiska utredningen är omfattande, och både instrument för diagnostik och den diagnostiska processen bör undersökas bättre.Många olika insatser och behandlingar, förutom läkemedel förekommer idag, men kunskapen om eras nytta, risker och kostnader måste förbättras. Vissa läkemedel lindrar ADHD symtom vid korttidsbehandling, men nyttan av långtidsbehandling går inte att bedöma. Vanliga biverjkningar av dessa läkemedel är illamående och nedsatt aptit, för barn viktminskning och pulsökning.
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