| 1. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(författare)
-
Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 20:10, s. 795-820
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates increased by 15.0% (12.0-18.0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3.6 (3.5-3.8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3.7 (3.5-3.9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62.4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7.63 million [6.57-8.96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27.9% (3.41 million [2.97-3.91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9.7% (1.18 million [1.01-1.39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79.6 million [67.7-90.8] DALYs or 55.5% [48.2-62.0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34.9 million [22.3-48.6] DALYs or 24.3% [15.7-33.2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28.9 million [19.8-41.5] DALYs or 20.2% [13.8-29.1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28.7 million [23.4-33.4] DALYs or 20.1% [16.6-23.0]), and smoking (25.3 million [22.6-28.2] DALYs or 17.6% [16.4-19.0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.
|
|
| 2. |
- Lozano, Rafael, et al.
(författare)
-
Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
-
Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
|
|
| 3. |
- Caggiani, Leonardo, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluating the Efficiency of Bike-Sharing Stations with Data Envelopment Analysis
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 13:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on the efficiency evaluation of bike-sharing systems (BSSs) and develops an approach based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) to support the decisions regarding the performance evaluation of BSS stations. The proposed methodology is applied and tested for the Malmöbybike BSS in Malmö, Sweden. This was done by employing spatial analyses and data about the BSS usage trends as well as taking into account transport, land use, and socioeconomic context of the case study. The results of the application demonstrate consistency with the literature and highlight meaningful associations between the station relative efficiency and the urban context. More specifically, the paper provides in-depth knowledge about the preprocessing data, selection of input and output variables, and the underlying analytical approach to be potentially applied to other cases and urban contexts. Overall, the DEA-based methodology presented in this study could assist decision-makers and planners with developing operational strategies for planning and management of BSS stations and networks.
|
|
| 4. |
- Hamidi, Zahra, 1984-
(författare)
-
Decomposing cycling potentials employing the motility framework
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0966-6923 .- 1873-1236. ; 91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of motility, mobility capital, has been put forward to understand mobility from a more holistic perspective through incorporating subjective and objective as well as material and non-material aspects in the examination of individuals' mobility potentials. In this paper, building on a survey study in the two municipalities of Malmö and Gothenburg in Sweden, I developed a quantitative operationalization of motility in relation to cycling and employed GIS-based and statistical analyses to identify a set of appropriate indicators to measure the three dimensions of cycling motility namely access, competence, and appropriation. The analyses reveal three operational dimensions underlying the process of appropriating cycling to carry out daily trips. More specifically, individuals' perceptions of the functional and social suitability of cycling and its compatibility with their principles and values seem to be significant for the appropriation of a bike as a daily travel mode. Altogether, the findings support that the quantitative operationalization of cycling motility can deepen our understanding of the factors shaping individuals' cycling potentials and practices, hence offering valuable insights into the development of successful cycling interventions that create material and nonmaterial infrastructure, competences, and positive representations necessary for the appropriation of cycling.
|
|
| 5. |
- Hamidi, Zahra
(författare)
-
Examining Inequalities in Cycling Motility : A Pathway Towards Cycling Justice
- 2023
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Realizing the environmental and social benefits of cycling requires effective policies that deliver increased and inclusive cycling. This thesis aims to contribute to the development of such policies by providing insights into what could make cycling achievable for more diverse social groups through engaging with theoretical perspectives from transport geography, the mobilities paradigm and social justice. In doing so the thesis examines the various elements that constitute an individual’s potential to use a bicycle and the connected inequalities.The thesis employs conceptions of accessibility and motility in combination with measures of inequality to examine the socio-spatial inequalities in cycling potentials. The first paper designs a new composite indicator based on Theil’s index of inequality and accessibility measures to study inequalities in bike-and-ride opportunities in Malmö. The second paper develops a quantitative operationalization of cycling motility by applying GIS-based and statistical analyses to empirical data collected using a survey study. Specifically, cycling motility is operationalized along three dimensions of access, competence, and appropriation. This is done by measuring cycling-related material and nonmaterial, as well as objective and subjective factors related to individuals and their social, cultural, and geographical environment.The subsequent papers put the concept of cycling motility in practice. The third paper builds on the approach developed in the second paper and examines inequalities in the cycling motility across different social groups from the three-dimensional justice lens of Nancy Fraser. Finally, the fourth paper provides insights into the relationships between individuals’ cycling motility and their realized mobility. The empirical findings highlight that such relationships vary across three urban contexts of Malmö, Gothenburg, and Beijing. Overall, the findings support that the operationalization of cycling motility is useful for studying individuals’ cycling potentials and capturing the connected between-individual differences, thereby helpful for development of policies that could realize the social and environmental potentials of cycling.
|
|
| 6. |
- Hamidi, Zahra, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Inequalities in access to bike-and-ride opportunities : Findings for the city of Malmö
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 130, s. 673-688
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bike-and-ride – that is, integrating cycling and public transport in one trip – is an attractive combination, as cycling as an active and clean mode is faster than walking and more affordable and flexible than other alternative modes of transport. Using cycling as a feeder mode to public transport could potentially allow people to reach more opportunities and improve their mobility, and ultimately, their well-being. Therefore, it is relevant to investigate the inequalities in access to bike-and-ride options across population groups.In this context, we suggest assessing the inequalities in bicycle access to the main transport hubs of a city by developing a composite indicator based on accessibility measures and the Theil index of inequality. This indicator captures the role of both private and public bikes – part of a Bike Sharing System (BSS) – in accessing the existing public transport system. The novelty of our approach lies in bringing the distributional justice perspective in the accessibility evaluation of transport and analysing the inequalities within and between any arbitrarily defined population groups. Moreover, in addition to travel time by bike, this accessibility measure incorporates a series of bike-related features, such as the typology of bike lanes (separated from or shared with roads), the presence of a BSS in the network, and bike facilities (e.g., parking racks) in transport hubs.The proposed methodology is applied to a real case study of the city of Malmö, Sweden, to prove its efficacy and usefulness. In particular, we examine how the level of bicycle access to the major public transport destination (including train stations and regional bus hubs) varies across the population. While considering the contextual properties of the city of Malmö, the inequalities are analysed in relation to spatial dimension and social background of the population, it is possible to extend the proposed analysis by including further features of the population, such as income or gender, and apply the same approach to different contexts.
|
|
| 7. |
- Hamidi, Zahra, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Shaping sustainable travel behaviour : Attitude, skills, and access all matter
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 88
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing on the conceptualisation of motility as the capacity to be mobile, this paper employs statistical and GIS-based analyses to explore the associations between travel mode choice and mobility-related attitudes, skills and opportunities to access transport modes. The study builds on survey data and spatial data from three urban contexts of Beijing, Gothenburg and Malmo to analyse both individual-level and contextual factors influencing sustainable travel behaviour. The results indicate that despite varying contexts, the three dimensions of attitude, skills and access significantly explain individuals' travel behaviour and their choice to travel by public transport, bicycle or car. Among the studied travel modes, cycling appears to be a competitive mode when the travel distances are within 5 km. In all three urban contexts, individuals who have greater environmental awareness are more likely to travel by public transport or cycling if the physical conditions facilitate using these modes. Good access to public transport is likely to increase the usage of both cycling and public transport and reduce car use. Favourable conditions for cycling within 2 km and 5 km radius can positively encourage people to use a bicycle as a feeder mode for public transport. Overall, our findings demonstrate that for mobility policies to increase individuals' motility in relation to sustainable travel modes and encourage a travel behaviour shift towards using alternatives to cars, planners need to take more holistic approaches and design policies that deal with the three motility dimensions in an integrated manner and avoid focusing on a single dimension in isolation.
|
|
| 8. |
- Hamidi, Zahra
(författare)
-
Thinking about Uneven Cycling Motility in a Social Justice Frame
- 2023
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The positive benefits of cycling cannot be realized in the absence of inclusive policies that improve cycling possibilities for all in society and effectively increase cycling. A more comprehensive understanding of the factors shaping individuals’ potential to cycle and the way the vary across social groups could provide valuable insights to support crafting such policies that could make cycling accessible for more diverse groups in society. Employing the motility framework this study examines the inequalities in cycling potential among individuals living in the municipalities of Gothenburg and Malmö in Sweden. Moreover, it adopts Nancy Fraser’s three-dimensional justice lens to explore the links between social groups’ differences in terms of cycling motility and sources of injustice in cycling practices and policies. The findings indicate that age and income are associated with significant variations in all three dimensions of cycling motility (i.e., access portfolio, competence, and appropriation). Additionally, the significant inequalities observed among the social groups in terms of cycling motility indicators could be traced to broader injustices in society – namely maldistribution, misrecognition, and misrepresentation. The paper argues that justice in cycling motility requires recognizing the diversity of needs and preferences, redistributing cycling-related resources, and including more voices in planning and decisionmaking.
|
|
| 9. |
- Hamidi, Zahra, 1984-
(författare)
-
Thinking about Uneven Cycling Motility in a Social Justice Frame
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The positive benefits of cycling cannot be realized in the absence of inclusive policies that improve cycling possibilities for all in society and effectively increase cycling. A more comprehensive understanding of the factors shaping individuals’ potential to cycle and the way the vary across social groups could provide valuable insights to support crafting such policies that could make cycling accessible for more diverse groups in society. Employing the motility framework this study examines the inequalities in cycling potential among individuals living in the municipalities of Gothenburg and Malmö in Sweden. Moreover, it adopts Nancy Fraser’s three-dimensional justice lens to explore the links between social groups’ differences in terms of cycling motility and sources of injustice in cycling practices and policies. The findings indicate that age and income are associated with significant variations in all three dimensions of cycling motility (i.e., access portfolio, competence, and appropriation). Additionally, the significant inequalities observed among the social groups in terms of cycling motility indicators could be traced to broader injustices in society – namely maldistribution, misrecognition, and misrepresentation. The paper argues that justice in cycling motility requires recognizing the diversity of needs and preferences, redistributing cycling-related resources, and including more voices in planning and decisionmaking.
|
|
| 10. |
- Hultén, John, et al.
(författare)
-
Förändrade förutsättningar för framtidens kollektivtrafik
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Övergripande samhällsförändringar påverkar förutsättningarna för framtidens kollektivtrafik. Det påverkar t.ex. var människor väljer att bo och arbeta, hur företag organiserar sin verksamhet, och vilka metoder som används för att omsätta politiska beslut i praktik handling. Vi kan aldrig med säkerhetuttala oss om vad som kommer att ske i framtiden. Men genom att resonera kring trender och mottrender utifrån observationer i samtiden kan vi ändå förbereda oss för möjliga utvecklingsvägar. Den här rapporten syftar till att, utifrån befintlig forskning, identifiera ett antal trender och mottrendersom kan komma att påverka kollektivtrafiken på medellång och lång sikt.Som alltid när det gäller framtiden finns det stora osäkerheter om vad som faktiskt kan komma att hända. När vi skriver om framtiden hamnar vi lätt i en situation där vi extrapolerar en historisk utveckling eller fastnar i nuets förbannelse, dvs. överdriver vikten av sådana frågor som råkar varaviktiga just nu. Trots svårigheterna finns det ett stort värde i att fundera över samhällsförändringar och problematisera hur de kan påverka förutsättningarna för kollektivtrafiken framöver. Rapporten har författats av forskare inom K2 – Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik. Den har tagits fram i samarbete med Trafikförvaltningen vid Stockholms läns landsting inom ramen för Trafikförvaltningens arbete med en ny omvärldsanalys. Medförfattare är Alexander Paulsson, fil dr i företagsekonomi, K2/VTI, Bengt Holmberg, professor emeritus i trafikplanering, K2/Lunds universitet, Christina Scholten, fil dr i kulturgeografi och ekonomisk geografi, K2/Malmö högskola, Erik Ronnle, doktorand i företagsekonomi, K2/Lunds universitet, Fredrik Pettersson, fil dr i miljö- och energisystem, K2/Lunds universitet, Gert Paulsson, docent i företagsekonomi, K2/Lunds universitet,Helena Svensson, tekn dr i trafikplanering, K2/Lunds universitet, Jean Ryan, doktorand i trafikplanering, K2/Lunds universitet, John Hultén, fil dr i statsvetenskap, K2 (redaktör), Vanessa Stjernborg, fil dr i trafikplanering, K2/Malmö högskola och Zahra Hamidi, doktorand i urbana studier, K2/Malmö högskola.
|
|
