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- Karlsson, N, et al.
(författare)
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Could 30 years of political controversy on needle exchange programmes in Sweden contribute to scaling-up harm reduction services in the world?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT. - : SAGE Publications. - 1458-6126. ; 38:1, s. 66-88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To end the hepatitis and AIDS epidemics in the world by 2030, countries are encouraged to scale-up harm reduction services and target people who inject drugs (PWID). Blood-borne viruses (BBV) among PWID spread via unsterile injection equipment sharing and to combat this, many countries have introduced needle and syringe exchange programmes (NEP), though not without controversy. Sweden’s long, complicated harm reduction policy transition has been deviant compared to the Nordic countries. After launch in 1986, no NEP were started in Sweden for 23 years, the reasons for which are analysed in this study. Methods: Policy documents, grey literature and research mainly published in 2000–2017 were collected and analysed using a hierarchical framework, to understand how continuous build-up of evidence, decisions and key events, over time influenced NEP development. Results: Sweden’s first NEP opened in a repressive-control drug policy era with a drug-free society goal. Despite high prevalence of BBV among PWID with recurring outbreaks, growing research and key-actor support including a NEP law, no NEP were launched. Political disagreements, fluctuating actor-coalitions, questioning of research, and a municipality veto against NEP, played critical roles. With an individual-centred perspective being brought into the drug policy domain, the manifestation of a dual drug and health policy track, a revised NEP law in 2017 and removal of the veto, Sweden would see fast expansion of new NEP. Conclusions: Lessons from the Swedish case could provide valuable insight for countries about to scale-up harm reduction services including how to circumvent costly time- and resource-intensive obstacles and processes involving ideological and individual moral dimensions.
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| 5. |
- Okamoto, H., et al.
(författare)
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Mutation analysis of the human 5-lipoxygenase C-terminus : Support for a stabilizing C-terminal loop
- 2005
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Ingår i: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1570-9639 .- 1878-1454. ; 1749:1, s. 123-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lipoxygenases contain prosthetic iron, in human 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) the C-terminal isoleucine carboxylate constitutes one of five identified ligands. ATP is one of several factors determining 5LO activity. We compared properties of a series of 5LO C-terminal deletion mutants (one to six amino acid residues deleted). All mutants were enzymatically inactive (expected due to loss of iron), but expression yield (in E. coli) and affinity to ATP-agarose was markedly different. Deletion of up to four C-terminal residues was compatible with good expression and retained affinity to the ATP-column, as for wild-type 5LO. However when also the fifth residue was deleted (Asn-669) expression yield decreased and the affinity to ATP was markedly diminished. This was interpreted as a result of deranged structure and stability, due to loss of a hydrogen bond between Asn-669 and His-399. Mutagenesis of these residues supported this conclusion. In the structure of soybean lipoxygenase-1, a C-terminal loop was pointed out as important for correct orientation of the C-terminus. Accordingly, a hydrogen bond appears to stabilize such a C-terminal loop also in 5LO. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Chayanun, Lert, et al.
(författare)
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Combining Nanofocused X-Rays with Electrical Measurements at the NanoMAX Beamline
- 2019
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Ingår i: Crystals. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4352. ; 9:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The advent of nanofocused X-ray beams has allowed the study of single nanocrystals and complete nanoscale devices in a nondestructive manner, using techniques such as scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Further insight into semiconductor devices can be achieved by combining these techniques with simultaneous electrical measurements. Here, we present a system for electrical biasing and current measurement of single nanostructure devices, which has been developed for the NanoMAX beamline at the fourth-generation synchrotron, MAX IV, Sweden. The system was tested on single InP nanowire devices. The mechanical stability was sufficient to collect scanning XRD and XRF maps with a 50 nm diameter focus. The dark noise of the current measurement system was about 3 fA, which allowed fly scan measurements of X-ray beam induced current (XBIC) in single nanowire devices.
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| 9. |
- Chayanun, Lert, et al.
(författare)
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Nanoscale mapping of carrier collection in single nanowire solar cells using X-ray beam induced current
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. - 0909-0495.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here it is demonstrated how nanofocused X-ray beam induced current (XBIC) can be used to quantitatively map the spatially dependent carrier collection probability within nanostructured solar cells. The photocurrent generated by a 50 nm-diameter X-ray beam was measured as a function of position, bias and flux in single p–i–n doped solar-cell nanowires. The signal gathered mostly from the middle segment decays exponentially toward the p- and n-segments, with a characteristic decay length that varies between 50 nm and 750 nm depending on the flux and the applied bias. The amplitude of the XBIC shows saturation at reverse bias, which indicates that most carriers are collected. At forward bias, the relevant condition for solar cells, the carrier collection is only efficient in a small region. Comparison with finite element modeling suggests that this is due to unintentional p-doping in the middle segment. It is expected that nanofocused XBIC could be used to investigate carrier collection in a wide range of nanostructured solar cells.
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