| 1. |
- Barazzoni, Rocco, et al.
(författare)
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Guidance for assessment of the muscle mass phenotypic criterion for the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) diagnosis of malnutrition
- 2022
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Ingår i: Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier. - 0261-5614 .- 1532-1983. ; 41:6, s. 1425-1433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) provides consensus criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition that can be widely applied. The GLIM approach is based on the assessment of three phenotypic (weight loss, low body mass index, and low skeletal muscle mass) and two etiologic (low food intake and presence of disease with systemic inflammation) criteria, with diagnosis confirmed by any combination of one phenotypic and one etiologic criterion fulfilled. Assessment of muscle mass is less commonly performed than other phenotypic malnutrition criteria, and its interpretation may be less straightforward, particularly in settings that lack access to skilled clinical nutrition practitioners and/or to body composition methodologies. In order to promote the widespread assessment of skeletal muscle mass as an integral part of the GLIM diagnosis of malnutrition, the GLIM consortium appointed a working group to provide consensus-based guidance on assessment of skeletal muscle mass. When such methods and skills are available, quantitative assessment of muscle mass should be measured or estimated using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, computerized tomography, or bioelectrical impedance analysis. For settings where these resources are not available, then the use of anthropometric measures and physical examination are also endorsed. Validated ethnic-and sex-specific cutoff values for each measurement and tool are recommended when available. Measurement of skeletal muscle function is not advised as surrogate measurement of muscle mass. However, once malnutrition is diagnosed, skeletal muscle function should be investigated as a relevant component of sarcopenia and for complete nutrition assessment of persons with malnutrition. (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Compher, Charlene, et al.
(författare)
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Guidance for assessment of the muscle mass phenotypic criterion for the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition diagnosis of malnutrition
- 2022
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Ingår i: JPEN - Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0148-6071 .- 1941-2444. ; 46:6, s. 1232-1242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) provides consensus criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition that can be widely applied. The GLIM approach is based on the assessment of three phenotypic (weight loss, low body mass index, and low skeletal muscle mass) and two etiologic (low food intake and presence of disease with systemic inflammation) criteria, with diagnosis confirmed by any combination of one phenotypic and one etiologic criterion fulfilled. Assessment of muscle mass is less commonly performed than other phenotypic malnutrition criteria, and its interpretation may be less straightforward, particularly in settings that lack access to skilled clinical nutrition practitioners and/or to body composition methodologies. In order to promote the widespread assessment of skeletal muscle mass as an integral part of the GLIM diagnosis of malnutrition, the GLIM consortium appointed a working group to provide consensus-based guidance on assessment of skeletal muscle mass. When such methods and skills are available, quantitative assessment of muscle mass should be measured or estimated using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, computerized tomography, or bioelectrical impedance analysis. For settings where these resources are not available, then the use of anthropometric measures and physical examination are also endorsed. Validated ethnic- and sex-specific cutoff values for each measurement and tool are recommended when available. Measurement of skeletal muscle function is not advised as surrogate measurement of muscle mass. However, once malnutrition is diagnosed, skeletal muscle function should be investigated as a relevant component of sarcopenia and for complete nutrition assessment of persons with malnutrition.
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| 3. |
- Liu, Yadi, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancing the Molecular Order and Vertical Component Distribution of the P3HT/O-IDTBR System during Layer-by-Layer Processing
- 2023
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Ingår i: Macromolecular rapid communications. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 1022-1336 .- 1521-3927.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The molecular order and vertical component distribution are critical to enhance the charge transport in layer-by-layer (LbL) processed active layer. However, the excessive inter-diffusion between donor and acceptor layers during LbL processing irrepressibly reduces their ordered packing. Herein, a novel tactic to optimize the molecular order and vertical morphology of the active layer through suppressing the deep penetration of (5Z,5 & PRIME;Z)-5,5 & PRIME;-((7,7 & PRIME;-(4,4,9,9-tetraoctyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6 -b & PRIME;]dithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-7,4-diyl))bis(methanylylidene)) bis(3-ethyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one) (O-IDTBR) to poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) film during LbL processing is proposed. This is enabled by inducing the formation of P3HT nanofibers through ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and solution aging. During the LbL processing, these nanofibers with high crystallinity reduce the damage of O-IDTBR solution to P3HT film and restrict the penetration of O-IDTBR into P3HT matrix. As a result, the P3HT nanofibers are preserved and the degree of vertical phase separation is enlarged in the LbL-processed film. Meanwhile, the molecular order of both components is enhanced. The resulting morphology that featured as intertwined P3HT nanofibers/O-IDTBR network efficiently promotes charge transport and extraction, boosting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the devices from 6.70 & PLUSMN; 0.12% to 7.71 & PLUSMN; 0.10%.
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| 4. |
- Pan, Jiaqi, et al.
(författare)
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Alleviating excessive aggregation of a non-fullerene acceptor by delaying and shortening the crystallization time to reduce the energy loss of ternary organic solar cells
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry C. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 2050-7526 .- 2050-7534.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The key factor restricting the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) is the energy loss (Eloss), which is the difference between the optical bandgap (Eg) of the active layer and open-circuit voltage (VOC) of the device. To achieve lower Eloss, it is necessary to obtain an appropriate donor-acceptor phase separation size to accelerate exciton dissociation and inhibit the recombination process. However, in most high-efficiency non-fullerene systems, acceptors often exhibit excessive aggregation phenomena. The decrease in the interface area leads to a decrease in exciton dissociation efficiency, which increases the energy loss. Herein, we report a ternary strategy to decrease the crystallization time of the acceptor and inhibit the excessive aggregation condition of a non-fullerene acceptor. We chose a donor poly{[4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl)-4-fluoro-2-thienyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b ']-dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-alt-[2,5-thiophenediyl[5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4,8-dioxo-4H,8H-benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c ']dithiophene-1,3-diyl]]} (PM6) and a non-fullerene acceptor (2,2 '-((2Z,2 ' Z)-((12,13-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2 '',3 '':4 ',5 ']thieno[2 ',3 ':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2 ',3 ':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile) (Y6) as the model system. Y6 is prone to forming a tightly packed structure due to its planar curved skeleton. To suppress the excessive aggregation, we chose poly[2,2 '-((2Z,2 ' Z)-((12,13-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2 '',3 '':4 ',5 ']thieno[2 ',3 ':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2 ',3 ':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile-co-2,5-thiophene] (PY-IT) as a second acceptor, which has good compatibility with Y6. By using in situ UV-visible absorption spectroscopy to monitor the film formation kinetics of Y6, it was found that after adding 15 wt% PYIT, the total crystallization time of Y6 decreased and the excessive aggregation of Y6 was inhibited. In the PM6:Y6 system, Y6 only had one crystallization and film-forming process. While in the PM6:Y6+15 wt% PYIT system, the process of film formation became more complex, with two stages of aggregation. PYIT crystallized before Y6, when Y6 began to crystallize, PYIT has occupied a portion of the crystallization growth space. What is more, PYIT delayed the crystallization process of Y6, and the change in the acceptor peak position showed a stable region. After that, Y6 began to aggregate and the crystallization time of Y6 was shorter than that of the binary system. As a result, PYIT alleviated the excessive aggregation of Y6, resulting in better mixing between the non-fullerene acceptor and the donor, increasing the interface area and enabling faster dissociation of excitons. In addition, the vertical phase separation of the active layer has also been optimized, allowing more donors enriched near the anode, enhancing the efficiency of charge extraction. The improved morphology of the active layer results in a better interface area, which can not only ensure exciton dissociation and charge generation, but also reduce the transfer time, which is conducive to reducing energy loss. As a result, Eloss reduced from 0.559 eV to 0. 539 eV, and the optimized ternary OSC exhibited a PCE of 17.05%. PYIT was added to the PM6:Y6 system to delay and shorten the crystallization time of Y6. The ternary strategy has been successfully proven to increase the D/A interface area for faster exciton dissociation. The Eloss decreased (0.559 eV to 0.539 eV), and the PCE increased (15.40% to 17.05%).
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| 5. |
- Qin, Ru, et al.
(författare)
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Highly Stretchable Conjugated Polymer/Elastomer Blend Films with Sandwich Structure
- 2023
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Ingår i: Macromolecular rapid communications. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 1022-1336 .- 1521-3927.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The physical blending of high-mobility conjugated polymers with ductile elastomers provides a simple way to realize high-performance stretchable films. However, how to control the morphology of the conjugated polymer and elastomer blend film and its response to mechanical fracture processes during stretching are not well understood. Herein, a sandwich structure is constructed in the blend film based on a conjugated polymer poly[(5-fluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)(4,4-dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b & DPRIME;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)(6-fluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)(4,4-dihexadecyl-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b & DPRIME;]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)] (PCDTFBT) and an elastomer polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS). The sandwich structure is composed of a PCDTFBT:SEBS mixed layer laminated with a PCDTFBT-rich layer at both the top and bottom surfaces. During stretching, the external strain energy can be effectively dissipated by the deformation of the crystalline PCDTFBT domains and amorphous SEBS phases and the recrystallization of the PCDTFBT chains. This endows the blend film with excellent ductility, with a large crack onset strain exceeding 1100%, and minimized the electrical degradation of the blend film at a large strain. This study indicates that the electrical and mechanical performance of conjugated polymer/elastomer blend films can be improved by manipulating their microstructure.
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| 6. |
- Su, Yueling, et al.
(författare)
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Carrier Generation Engineering toward 18% Efficiency Organic Solar Cells by Controlling Film Microstructure
- 2022
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Ingår i: Advanced Energy Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 1614-6832 .- 1614-6840. ; 12:19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The single bulk-heterojunction active layer based on non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) has dominated the power conversional efficiencies above 18% in state-of-the-art organic solar cells (OSCs). However, a deep understanding of the relationship between charge carrier process and film microstructure remains unclear for emerging NFA OSCs. Herein, with the superstar PM6:Y6 blend as a model, the charge generation process in active layers is successfully manipulated by designing three different film microstructures, and they are correlated with the final photovoltaic performance in OSC devices. The amount of intermediate intra-moiety excited states from the nanoscale Y6 aggregates can be effectively enhanced by controlling the phase separation domains and film crystallinity in the bicontinuous PM6:Y6 networks. This robustly improves the hole transfer, and thus promotes charge generation. As a result, the optimal films show superior device performance, that is, the high efficiencies of 16.53% and 17.98% for PM6:Y6- and D18:Y6-based single junction OSCs, respectively. The results presented here give a rational guide for optimizing the charge carrier process through controlling morphological microstructures toward high-performance NFA OSCs.
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| 7. |
- Zhang, Rui, et al.
(författare)
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To Reveal the Importance of the Crystallization Sequence on Micro-Morphological Structures of All-Crystalline Polymer Blends by In Situ Investigation
- 2021
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 13:18, s. 21756-21764
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In crystalline/crystalline polymer blend systems, complex competition and coupling of crystallization and morphology usually happen due to the different crystal nucleation and growth processes of polymers, making the morphology and crystallization behavior difficult to control. Herein, we probe the crystallization sequence during the film formation process (crystallize simultaneously, component A crystallizes prior to B or inverse) to illustrate the micro-morphology evolution process in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly[[N,N-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-napthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]- alt-5, 5-(2,2-bithiophene)] (N2200) blend using in situ UV-vis absorption spectra and in situ two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (2D GIXRD). When P3HT and N2200 crystallize simultaneously, a large-sized morphology structure is formed. When strengthening the solution aggregation of P3HT by increasing the solvent-polymer interaction, P3HT crystallizes prior to N2200. A P3HT-based micro-morphology structure is obtained. As the molecular weight of N2200 increases to a critical value (72.0 kDa), the crystallization of N2200 dominates the film formation process. A N2200-based micro-morphology is formed guided by N2200 domains. The results confirm that the crystallization sequence is one of the most important factors to determine the micromorphology structure in all-crystalline polymer blends.
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