| 1. |
- Ivanova, M. Y., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of individual differences, society, and culture on youth-rated problems and strengths in 38 societies
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 63:11, s. 1297-1307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Clinicians increasingly serve youths from societal/cultural backgrounds different from their own. This raises questions about how to interpret what such youths report. Rescorla et al. (2019, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 1107) found that much more variance in 72,493 parents' ratings of their offspring's mental health problems was accounted for by individual differences than by societal or cultural differences. Although parents' reports are essential for clinical assessment of their offspring, they reflect parents' perceptions of the offspring. Consequently, clinical assessment also requires self-reports from the offspring themselves. To test effects of individual differences, society, and culture on youths' self-ratings of their problems and strengths, we analyzed Youth Self-Report (YSR) scores for 39,849 11-17 year olds in 38 societies. Methods: Indigenous researchers obtained YSR self-ratings from population samples of youths in 38 societies representing 10 culture cluster identified in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavioral Effectiveness study. Hierarchical linear modeling of scores on 17 problem scales and one strengths scale estimated the percent of variance accounted for by individual differences (including measurement error), society, and culture cluster. ANOVAs tested age and gender effects. Results: Averaged across the 17 problem scales, individual differences accounted for 92.5% of variance, societal differences 6.0%, and cultural differences 1.5%. For strengths, individual differences accounted for 83.4% of variance, societal differences 10.1%, and cultural differences 6.5%. Age and gender had very small effects. Conclusions: Like parents' ratings, youths' self-ratings of problems were affected much more by individual differences than societal/cultural differences. Most variance in self-rated strengths also reflected individual differences, but societal/cultural effects were larger than for problems, suggesting greater influence of social desirability. The clinical significance of individual differences in youths' self-reports should thus not be minimized by societal/cultural differences, which-while important-can be taken into account with appropriate norms, as can gender and age differences.
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| 2. |
- Stefánsson, H., et al.
(författare)
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Microplastics in glaciers: First results from the vatnajökull ice cap
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainability (Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 13:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microplastic particles, as a second-phase material in ice, may contribute to the effect such particles have on the melting and rheological behaviour of glaciers, and thus influence the future meltwater contribution to the oceans and rising sea levels. Hence, it is of the utmost importance to map and understand the presence and dispersal of microplastics on a global scale. In this work, we identified microplastic particles in snow cores collected in a remote and pristine location on the Vatnajökull ice cap in Iceland. Utilising optical microscopy and µ-Raman spectroscopy, we visualised and identified microplastic particles of various sizes and materials. Our findings support that atmospheric transport of microplastic particles is one of the important pathways for microplastic pollution. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 3. |
- Gowers, SG, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment aims and philosophy in the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa in Europe
- 2002
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Ingår i: European Eating Disorders Review. - : Wiley. - 1072-4133. ; 10:4, s. 271-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study describes the range of service provision and explores differences in treatment approaches and therapeutic aims, in the 12 countries participating in the European Union collaborative COST B6 Adolescent Project into the treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN). Following a number of group meetings, two questionnaires were administered, completed and returned by e-mail. The first questionnaire examined features of the services provided, including details of the numbers of patients seen, inpatient admission criteria and aspects of patient management. The second questionnaire contained a list Of 13 therapeutic aims, asking respondents to rank in order the six they considered most important in the first weeks of treatment. There was broad agreement between services concerning the need to offer a full spectrum of services in a range of settings. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in approaches, chiefly concerning the readiness to admit to hospital, the use of (individual or family) day units and the focus on weight restoration as opposed to therapeutic engagement. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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| 4. |
- Gudmundsson, Jon Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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The frequency dependence of the discharge properties in a capacitively coupled oxygen discharge
- 2018
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Ingår i: Plasma sources science & technology. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0963-0252 .- 1361-6595. ; 27:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use the one-dimensional object-oriented particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision code oopd1 to explore the evolution of the charged particle density profiles, electron heating mechanism, the electron energy probability function (EEPF), and the ion energy distribution in a single frequency capacitively coupled oxygen discharge, with driving frequency in the range 12-100 MHz. At a low driving frequency and low pressure (5 and 10 mTorr), a combination of stochastic (a-mode) and drift ambipolar (DA) heating in the bulk plasma (the electronegative core) is observed and the DA-mode dominates the time averaged electron heating. As the driving frequency or pressure are increased, the heating mode transitions into a pure a-mode, where electron heating in the sheath region dominates. At low pressure (5 and 10 mTorr), this transition coincides with a sharp decrease in electronegativity. At low pressure and low driving frequency, the EEPF is concave. As the driving frequency is increased, the number of low energy electrons increases and the relative number of higher energy electrons (> 10 eV) increases. At high driving frequency, the EEPF develops a convex shape or becomes bi-Maxwellian.
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| 5. |
- Gudmundsson, Jon Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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The role of the singlet metastables in capacitively coupled oxygen discharges
- 2016
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Ingår i: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 9781467396011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary form only given. We use the one-dimensional object-oriented particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision code oopd1 to study the evolution of the charged particle density profiles, electron heating mechanism, effective electron temperature, and the electron energy probability function (EEPF) in a capacitively coupled oxygen discharge with pressure in the pressure range of 10-500 mTorr. We find that at higher pressure (50-500 mTorr) the electron heating occurs mainly in the sheath region, and detachment by the metastable singlet molecule O2(b1Δg) has a significant influence on the electron heating process and the EEPF [1,2]. At a low pressure (10 mTorr), Ohmic heating in the bulk plasma (the electronegative core) dominates, and detachment by O2(b1Δg) has only a small influence on the heating process. Thus at low pressure, the EEPF is convex and as the pressure is increased the number of low energy electrons increases and the number of higher energy electrons (>10 eV) decreases, and the EEPF develops a concave shape or becomes bi-Maxwellian [2]. Furthermore, we explore the effects of including the singlet metastable molecule O2(b1Σg) and energy-dependent secondary electron emission yields at the electrodes in a capacitively coupled single frequency rf driven oxygen discharge. We find that including the metastable O2(b1Δg) further decreases the Ohmic heating in the bulk region at higher pressures. Moreover, we find that including an energy-dependent secondary electron emission yield for O2+-ions has a significant influence on the discharge properties while the energy dependent secondary electron emission coefficient due to O+-ions and the neutrals has only marginal influence on the discharge properties.
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