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- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Contests versus norms: Implications of contest-based and norm-based intervention techniques
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2017 Bergquist, Nilsson and Hansla. Interventions using either contests or norms can promote environmental behavioral change. Yet research on the implications of contest-based and norm-based interventions is lacking. Based on Goal-framing theory, we suggest that a contest-based intervention frames a gain goal promoting intensive but instrumental behavioral engagement. In contrast, the norm-based intervention was expected to frame a normative goal activating normative obligations for targeted and non-targeted behavior and motivation to engage in pro-environmental behaviors in the future. In two studies participants (n = 347) were randomly assigned to either a contest- or a norm-based intervention technique. Participants in the contest showed more intensive engagement in both studies. Participants in the norm-based intervention tended to report higher intentions for future energy conservation (Study 1) and higher personal norms for non-targeted pro-environmental behaviors (Study 2). These findings suggest that contest-based intervention technique frames a gain goal, while norm-based intervention frames a normative goal.
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| 3. |
- Einarsdóttir, Gró, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Looking back in order to predict the future: Relative resource assessments and their relationship to future expectations
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nordic Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1901-2276 .- 1904-0016. ; 71:1, s. 17-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group In this research, we investigated how relative resource assessments relate to future expectations. In previous research, resources are typically studied separately, and contextual influences and reference-point dependencies are often ignored. We addressed this in an online survey in which Icelanders (N=611) assessed their economic, temporal, social, and emotional resources using four reference points (wants, others, past, future). We used exploratory factor analysis to reduce the four resources into three reliable factors: economic, temporal, and socio-emotional resources. Using hierarchical regression we found that assessments of socio-emotional and economic resources were related to future expectations, even after controlling for more objective resource markers, such as income and education. This relationship was strongest when past resources were used as the reference point for assessing current resources. We interpret these findings as suggesting that temporal comparisons to the past become more salient during times of instability, as Icelanders have recently gone through much economic and political turmoil. A psychological challenge for individuals recovering from economic collapse is to abstain from comparing current with past resource levels, as it elicits a loss experience. Overcoming a feeling that “it was better before” seems vital in re-establishing optimistic future expectations.
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| 4. |
- Einarsdóttir, Gró, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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The value of money: on how childhood economic resources influence value assessments later in life
- 2018
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2374-3611 .- 2374-3603. ; 3:1, s. 79-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We know that unlike Homo economicus, Homo sapiens is often influenced by allegedly irrelevant contextual cues when assessing value. However, only recently have individual differences in susceptibility to context effects been studied. We propose that individuals who grow up poor develop contextualized skills that protect them from blowing their budget and argue that stable value assessment is such a skill. We test this claim using six experimental paradigms of value assessments with ca. 1400 participants. We hypothesized that contextual cues have a stronger influence on the valuations made by the past rich compared to the past poor. Further, the theoretical foundation of this paper is based on two lines of influential research that have been criticized on methodological grounds. We therefore preregistered our study, improved interaction testing, and tested the replicability of previous findings. The results showed only anecdotal evidence that the past poor made more consistent valuations. Even though the past poor don’t seem to have a generalized ability for consistent valuations, we encourage a continued search for more specific and ecologically relevant skills essential for good money management that may have developed as a response to growing up poor. © 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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| 5. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Can Unexpected Support Promote Environmental Policy Acceptability? An Experimental Investigation of Norm Source and Strength
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Social and Political Psychology. - : Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID). - 2195-3325. ; 10:1, s. 123-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments tested how environmental policy acceptability of US conservatives and liberals was influenced by manipulating the level (minority vs. majority) and source (in-group vs. outgroup) of normative support for policy. Results from 928 MechanicalTurk users (Study 1: N = 268, Study 2: N = 660) indicated that when evaluating an in-group policy (that participants expect their own political group to support), communicating outgroup support increases acceptability compared with communicating in-group support. The outgroup norm has a positive indirect effect via the inference that the in-group is even more supportive of the policy than the outgroup is. In contrast, when evaluating an outgroup policy, communicating in-group support indirectly yields higher acceptability than communicating outgroup support, via the inference that the outgroup is more supportive than the in-group is. This effect mainly occurred for individuals with strong ideological identification and was independent of level of support (minority vs. majority). Results indicate that bipartisan support for environmental policies can be achieved by strategic communication of normative information about political groups.
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| 6. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Push, Pull, or Inform - An Empirical Taxonomy of Environmental Policy Support in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Policy. - 0143-814X. ; 42:3, s. 529-552
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on environmental policy support utilises different categorisations of policies, for example, differentiating between policies assumed to be perceived as rewarding or punishing. Do citizens' perception of environmental policies also lend itself to this categorisation? Based on an exhaustive sample of active policies in Sweden, this study presents a taxonomy of environmental policy support in Sweden. A fairly representative Swedish sample (N = 2911) rated the acceptability of 44 environmental policies. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that participants' acceptability of policies forms three categories: push policies consisting of regulatory and market-based disincentives, pull policies consisting mainly of market-based incentives, and informational policies, such as ecolabeling. Sociodemographics had small but consistent effects on attitudes towards the three categories, while political ideology had a larger effect across the categories. This study indicates that current academic categorisations may not adequately capture laypeople's perceptions, and discusses the importance of research on driving mechanisms behind the current taxonomy. © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press.
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| 9. |
- Ejelöv, Emma, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Why are they eco-friendly? Attributing eco-friendly descriptive norms to intrinsic motivation increases pro-environmental purchase intention
- 2022
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Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 17:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People perform pro-environmental behaviors not only out of intrinsic motivation, but also due to external factors such as expected social approval or financial gain. To the extent that people use their own motivations to infer the motivation of others, people may view descriptive norms favoring pro-environmental behavior as extrinsically motivated. This may in turn decrease the normative influence of the norm, as conformity can be negatively affected by perceptions that others are conforming mindlessly. While descriptive norms generally promote pro-environmental behavior change, the influential power of descriptive norms varies between studies. One possible explanation for these inconclusive findings is that people interpret others' behavior as either intrinsically- or extrinsically motivated. We propose that pro-environmental descriptive norms will be more influential when attributing others' pro-environmental behavior as intrinsically (e.g., pleasure of contributing to the environment) rather than extrinsically, motivated (e.g., fear of social disapproval). In two experiments (N = 1326), we compared participants' intention to purchase pro-environmental products between four conditions: control condition vs intrinsic norm vs extrinsic norm (Exp. 1) vs injunctive norm (Exp. 2). Results consistently found a significant increase in pro-environmental purchase intention in the intrinsic norm condition compared to both extrinsic norm condition (Exp. 2) and no-information control condition (Exp. 1 & 2). These studies highlight that attribution of behavior is vital for the adoption of pro-environmental norms.
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| 10. |
- Gärling, Tommy, 1941, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond the mere ownership and endowment effects: Over-valuing objects lost and found
- 2023
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Ingår i: Social Psychology. - 1864-9335. ; 54:6, s. 327-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Do owned objects become more valued if lost and found? In Experiment 1 Prolific participants (n=128) imagined having lost a laptop. Results showed a preference for finding the laptop instead of replacing it with a new at no cost. The preference was even stronger if the laptop had been used longer (two months instead of two days) and was certain to be found without any cost. Experiment 2 recruited additional Prolific participants to investigate the role of positive affect evoked by finding or expecting to find a lost object. In a Lost condition (n=50) participants imagined having lost an expensive pair of gloves which later was found. Compared to a No Loss condition (n=50), preference to keep the gloves was higher. Increased value and positive affect partially mediated this preference.
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