| 1. |
- Gustafsson, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Long live pacifism! : narrative power and Japan’spacifist model
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cambridge Review of International Affairs. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0955-7571 .- 1474-449X. ; 32:4, s. 502-520
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International relations research acknowledges that states can have different security policies but neglects the fact that ‘models’ may exist in the security policy realm. This article suggests that it is useful to think about models, which it argues can become examples for emulation or be undermined through narrative power. It illustrates the argument by analysing Japan’s pacifism—an alternative approach to security policy which failed to become an internationally popular model and, despite serving the country well for many years, has even lost its appeal in Japan. Conventional explanations suggest that Japan’s pacifist policies were ‘abnormal’, and that the Japanese eventually realized this. By contrast, this article argues that narratives undermined Japan’s pacifism by mobilizing deep-seated beliefs about what is realistic and unrealistic in international politics, and launches a counter-narrative that could help make pacifism a more credible model in world politics.
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| 2. |
- Hansson, Linus, et al.
(författare)
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Development and implementation of a dynamic TES dispatch control component in a PV-CSP techno-economic performance modelling tool
- 2017
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Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0094-243X. - 9780735415225
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dispatchability offered by thermal energy storage (TES) in concentrated solar power (CSP) and solar hybrid plants based on such technology presents the most important difference compared to power generation based only on photovoltaics (PV). This has also been one reason for recent hybridization efforts of the two technologies and the creation of Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) payment schemes based on offering higher payment multiples during daily hours of higher (peak or priority) demand. Recent studies involving plant-level thermal energy storage control strategies are however to a large extent based on pre-determined approaches, thereby not taking into account the actual dynamics of thermal energy storage system operation. In this study, the implementation of a dynamic dispatch strategy in the form of a TRNSYS controller for hybrid PV-CSP plants in the power-plant modelling tool DYESOPT is presented. In doing this it was attempted to gauge the benefits of incorporating a day-ahead approach to dispatch control compared to a fully pre-determined approach determining hourly dispatch only once prior to annual simulation. By implementing a dynamic strategy, it was found possible to enhance technical and economic performance for CSP-only plants designed for peaking operation and featuring low values of the solar multiple. This was achieved by enhancing dispatch control, primarily by taking storage levels at the beginning of every simulation day into account. The sequential prediction of the TES level could therefore be improved, notably for evaluated plants without integrated PV, for which the predicted storage levels deviated less than when PV was present in the design. While also featuring dispatch performance gains, optimal plant configurations for hybrid PV-CSP was found to present a trade-off in economic performance in the form of an increase in break-even electricity price when using the dynamic strategy which was offset to some extent by a reduction in upfront investment cost. An increase in turbine starts for the implemented strategy however highlights that this is where further improvements can be made.
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| 3. |
- Johnsson, Linus, et al.
(författare)
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Adequate trust avails, mistaken trust matters : On the moral responsibility of doctors as proxies for patients' trust in biobank research
- 2013
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Ingår i: Bioethics. - : Wiley. - 0269-9702 .- 1467-8519. ; 27:9, s. 485-492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, most patients are recruited into biobank research by non-researcher doctors. Patients’ trust in doctors may therefore be important to their willingness to participate. We suggest a model of trust that makes sense of such transitions of trust between domains and distinguishes adequate trust from mistaken trust. The unique position of doctors implies, we argue, a Kantian imperfect duty to compensate for patients’ mistaken trust. There are at least three kinds of mistaken trust, each of which requires a different set of countermeasures. First, trust is mistaken when necessary competence is lacking; the competence must be developed or the illusion dispelled. Second, trust is irrational whenever the patient is mistaken about his actual reasons for trusting. Care must therefore be taken to support the patient’s reasoning and moral agency. Third, some patients inappropriately trust doctors to recommend only research that will benefit them directly. Such trust should be counteracted by nurturing a culture where patients expect to be asked occasionally to contribute to the common good.
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| 4. |
- Johnsson, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Hypothetical and factual willingness to participate in biobank research
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Journal of Human Genetics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1018-4813 .- 1476-5438. ; 18, s. 1261-1264
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the debate on biobank regulation, arguments often draw upon findings in surveys on public attitudes. However, surveys on willingness to participate in research may not always predict actual participation rates. We compared hypothetical willingness as estimated in 11 surveys conducted in Sweden, Iceland, United Kingdom, Ireland, United States and Singapore to factual participation rates in 12 biobank studies. Studies were matched by country and approximate time frame. Of 22 pairwise comparisons, 12 suggest that factual willingness to participate in biobank research is greater than hypothetical, six indicate the converse relationship, and four are inconclusive. Factual donors, in particular when recruited in health care or otherwise face-to-face with the researcher, are possibly motivated by factors that are less influential in a hypothetical context, such as altruism, trust, and sense of duty. The value of surveys in assessing factual willingness may thus be limited.
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| 5. |
- JOHNSSON, LINUS, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Making researchers moral : Why institutionalised distrust might not work
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Research ethics, once a platform for declaring intent, discussing moral issues and providing advice and guidance to researchers, has developed over time into an extra-legal regulatory system, complete with steering documents, overseeing bodies, and formal procedures. The process of institutionalising distrust is usually motivated by reference to past atrocities committed in the name of research and the need to secure public trust. This paper examines some limitations of this approach. First, past atrocities cannot provide the necessary justification unless institutionalised distrust is a necessary or efficient means to prevent future ones; and there are several reasons to doubt that this is the case. Second, the efficacy of ethics review in safeguarding morally acceptable research depends on the moral competence and integrity of individual researchers—the kinds of qualities that institutionalised distrust calls into question. Third, ethics guidelines cannot, as it is sometimes assumed, educate or guide researchers to moral behaviour unless they already have considerable capacity for moral judgment. Fourth, institutionalised distrust is a potential threat to the moral competence and integrity of researchers by encouraging a blinkered view of ethical issues, inducing moral heteronomy through incentives, and alienating them to research ethics as a pursuable activity. We conclude that the moral problem posed by inappropriate short-term behaviour on behalf of researchers is dwarfed by the potential long-term consequences of allowing their moral competence to deteriorate. Measures must therefore be taken to ensure that researchers are equipped to take their individual responsibility and not obstructed from doing so.
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| 6. |
- Johnsson, Linus, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Making researchers moral : Why trustworthiness requires more than ethics guidelines and review
- 2014
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Ingår i: Research Ethics. - : SAGE Publications. - 1747-0161 .- 2047-6094. ; 10:1, s. 29-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research ethics, once a platform for declaring intent, discussing moral issues and providing advice and guidance to researchers, has developed over time into an extra-legal regulatory system, complete with steering documents (ethics guidelines), overseeing bodies (research ethics committees) and formal procedures (informed consent). The process of institutionalizing distrust is usually motivated by reference to past atrocities committed in the name of research and the need to secure the trustworthiness of the research system. This article examines some limitations of this approach. First, past atrocities cannot provide the necessary justification unless institutionalized distrust is a necessary or efficient means to prevent future ones – and there are several reasons to doubt this. Second, the efficacy of ethics review in safeguarding morally acceptable research depends on the moral competence and integrity of individual researchers – the very qualities that institutionalized distrust calls into question. Third, ethics guidelines cannot, as is sometimes assumed, educate or guide researchers in moral behaviour unless they already possess considerable capacity for moral judgment. Fourth, institutionalized distrust is a potential threat to the moral competence and integrity of researchers by encouraging a blinkered view of ethical issues, inducing moral heteronomy through incentives, and alienating them to research ethics. We conclude that the moral problem posed by inappropriate short-term behaviour on behalf of researchers is dwarfed by the potential long-term consequences if their moral competence is allowed to deteriorate. Measures must therefore be taken to ensure that researchers are equipped to take their individual responsibility and are not obstructed from so doing.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Johnsson, Linus, et al.
(författare)
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Patients' refusal to consent to storage and use of samples in Swedish biobanks : cross sectional study
- 2008
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Ingår i: BMJ. British Medical Journal. - : BMJ. - 0959-8146 .- 0959-535X. ; 337:7663, s. a345-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectivesTo estimate how many people object to storage of biological samples collected in health care in Sweden and to their use in research and how many withdraw previous consent.DesignCross sectional study of register data.SettingBiobanks used in Swedish health care, 2005-6.PopulationData on refusal to consent were obtained for 1.4 million biobank samples per year from 20 of 21 counties.Main outcome measuresRates of preliminary refusal to consent, confirmed refusal, and withdrawal of consent.ResultsPatients refused consent to either storage or use of their samples in about 1 in 690 cases, about 1 in 1600 confirmed their decision by completing a dissent form. Rather than having the samples destroyed, about 1 in 6200 patients wanted to restrict their use. Of those who had previously consented, about 1 in 19 000 withdrew their consent.ConclusionsRefusal to consent to biobank research in Sweden is rare, and the interests of individuals and research interests need not be at odds. The Swedish healthcare organisation is currently obliged to obtain either consent or refusal to each potential use of each sample taken, and tack of consent to research is used as the default position. A system of presumed consent with straightforward opt out;would correspond with people's attitudes, as expressed in their actions, towards biobank research.
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| 9. |
- Johnsson, Linus, 1978-
(författare)
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Trust in Biobank Research : Meaning and Moral Significance
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- What role should trust have in biobank research? Is it a scarce resource to be cultivated, or does its moral significance lie elsewhere? How does it relate to the researcher’s individual responsibility?In this thesis I draw four general conclusions. First, trust is still very much present in at least some biobanking settings, notably in Sweden, but possibly also internationally. Second, a morally relevant conception of trust entails that to be trustworthy, researchers must consider the normative expectations that people have of them, and renegotiate expectations that are mistaken. Third, this conception differs from “public trust” assessed through surveys. The main use of the latter is to legitimate policy, not to identify moral duties. Fourth, in spite of ethics review, guidelines and informed consent procedures, ethical issues will always arise during the course of a research project. Researchers can therefore never avoid their individual moral responsibility. Ensuring that one is adequately trusted is one step towards conducting morally acceptable research.Study I indicates that few Swedes refuse storage of samples in healthcare-associated biobanks and their use in research. Study II suggests that people are somewhat more willing to donate samples than surveys indicate, especially when approached face-to-face by health care personnel. Relationships of trust might thus be important in people’s decision-making. Study III investigates trust as a moral concept. The trustee is often in a unique position to determine what the other’s trust amounts to. When it is mistaken, the trustee has an obligation to counteract it, compensate for it, or renegotiate the expectations that cannot be met. In Study IV, I critique the feasibility of guaranteeing the trustworthiness of the research apparatus through formal measures such as ethics review and guidelines. Not only are there limitations of such measures to consider. They also risk blinding researchers to ethical issues that are not covered by the rules, fostering moral complacency, and alienating researchers to ethics.
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| 10. |
- Rydberg, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Biobaserade drivmedel: analys av potential, förutsättningar marknad, styrmedel och risker. möjligheter och risker - projektet BIODRIV. Slutrapport
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Projektet BIODRIV är en studie kring förutsättningar, möjligheter, begränsningar och risker på kort och lång sikt för svensk produktion av biodrivmedel med visst fokus på de produktionsförutsättningar som erbjuds genom svenska raffinaderier. Totalt har sex teknikspår för biodrivmedelsframställning identifierats som på sikt, helt eller delvis, kan ersätta dagens fossilt baserade bränslen inom transportsektorn. De sex teknikspåren är: 1) metan via gasnät, 2) decentraliserad pyrolys/förgasning, 3) olika resursbaser till fett, 4) vätgas, 5) metanol/DME, 6) elektricitet. För varje teknikspår har ett antal viktiga aspekter belysts: a) råvarutillgång, b) produktion, användning och distribution, c) aktörer, marknad och styrmedel, d) klimatvärdering och miljökonsekvenser, e) forskning och utveckling. Inledningsvis har vart och ett av teknikspåren studerats utifrån målbilden att leverera 25 TWh drivenergi år 2030. För flertalet av teknikspåren är detta möjligt med inhemsk råvaruförsörjning. Undantaget är fett och olja som råvarubas, där den inhemska försörjningsbasen är i storleksordningen 3-4 TWh. För övriga teknikspår kan 25 TWh helt eller delvis uppnås genom omvandling av skogsråvara till energibärare för fordonsdrift, via biomassaförgasning eller, i el-fallet, förbränning i elproducerande kraft(värme)verk
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