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- Haykir, N. I., et al.
(författare)
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Applications of ionic liquids for the biochemical transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and biochemicals : A critical review
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biochemical engineering journal. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1369-703X .- 1873-295X. ; 193
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignocellulosic materials are valuable resources in today's bioprocess technologies; however, their recalcitrance is a major barrier in industry regarding their conversion to microbial products. For this purpose, in this study, the synthesis of ionic liquids (ILs), its function in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials, its biochemistry and possible toxic effects were investigated. In addition, the bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials pretreated with ionic liquids to biofuels (bioethanol, biobutanol, biogas and hydrogen) and various biochemicals is discussed in detail. For this, the focus is on the potential of ILs for industrial integration and use in large-scale reactors. ILs offer significant advantages due to their potential for ease of use and their features such as recovery and reuse after pretreatment. However, there are economic and technical problems that need to be solved to expand ILs in industrial systems and increase their use potential. To overcome these problems and the usability of ILs technologies in industry, techno-economic analyses has been examined and compared with traditional processes.
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- Mir, MR, et al.
(författare)
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Short- and long-term survival of esophageal cancer patients treated at the Cancer Institute of Iran
- 2013
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Ingår i: Digestive surgery. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9883 .- 0253-4886. ; 30:4-6, s. 331-336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Little data is available on the prognosis of esophageal cancer (EC) in Iran. We studied the short- and long-term survival of EC patients treated at the Cancer Institute of Iran. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> 619 patients were followed who had been operated in the years 1997-2006. The 1-month to 5-year survival rates of EC and hazard ratios (HR) for different prognostic factors were estimated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Median survival was 11.5 months and 5-year survival was 10%. Patients at the advanced stage had a 2.1-fold higher risk of mortality compared to the early stage (95% CI 1.2-3.4). One-month mortality decreased from 12.2 in 1997-1999 to 9.1% in 2003-2006. In the first month, patients who were diagnosed in 2003-2006 had a significantly (60%) lower HR compared to 1997-1999 (HR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.1-0.9). In addition, patients with cardiopulmonary complications had an 11.7-fold higher HR compared to patients without complications (95% CI 4.7-29.3). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The 5-year survival rate for operated EC patients was considerably low in Iran. Cardiopulmonary complications were the strong prognostic factors for first-month mortality. We suggest improving the pre- and postoperative care of EC to control these complications. Regular monitoring of patient survival is recommended to evaluate the effect of this intervention.
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