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| 2. |
- Al-Hashimi, Osamah, et al.
(författare)
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A Comprehensive Review for Groundwater Contamination and Remediation: Occurrence, Migration and Adsorption Modelling
- 2021
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Ingår i: Molecules. - Switzerland : MDPI. - 1431-5157 .- 1420-3049. ; 26:19, s. 5913-5913
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The provision of safe water for people is a human right; historically, a major number of people depend on groundwater as a source of water for their needs, such as agricultural, industrial or human activities. Water resources have recently been affected by organic and/or inorganic contaminants as a result of population growth and increased anthropogenic activity, soil leaching and pollution. Water resource remediation has become a serious environmental concern, since it has a direct impact on many aspects of people’s lives. For decades, the pump-and-treat method has been considered the predominant treatment process for the remediation of contaminated groundwater with organic and inorganic contaminants. On the other side, this technique missed sustainability and the new concept of using renewable energy. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have been implemented as an alternative to conventional pump-and-treat systems for remediating polluted groundwater because of their effectiveness and ease of implementation. In this paper, a review of the importance of groundwater, contamination and biological, physical as well as chemical remediation techniques have been discussed. In this review, the principles of the permeable reactive barrier’s use as a remediation technique have been introduced along with commonly used reactive materials and the recent applications of the permeable reactive barrier in the remediation of different contaminants, such as heavy metals, chlorinated solvents and pesticides. This paper also discusses the characteristics of reactive media and contaminants’ uptake mechanisms. Finally, remediation isotherms, the breakthrough curves and kinetic sorption models are also being presented. It has been found that groundwater could be contaminated by different pollutants and must be remediated to fit human, agricultural and industrial needs. The PRB technique is an efficient treatment process that is an inexpensive alternative for the pump-and-treat procedure and represents a promising technique to treat groundwater pollution.
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| 3. |
- Alawsi, Mustafa A., et al.
(författare)
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Drought Forecasting: A Review and Assessment of the Hybrid Techniques and Data Pre-Processing
- 2022
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Ingår i: Hydrology. - : MDPI. - 2306-5338. ; 9:7
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drought is a prolonged period of low precipitation that negatively impacts agriculture, animals, and people. Over the last decades, gradual changes in drought indices have been observed. Therefore, understanding and forecasting drought is essential to avoid its economic impacts and appropriate water resource planning and management. This paper presents a recent literature review, including a brief description of data pre-processing, data-driven modelling strategies (i.e., univariate or multivariate), machine learning algorithms (i.e., advantages and disadvantages), hybrid models, and performance metrics. Combining various prediction methods to create efficient hybrid models has become the most popular use in recent years. Accordingly, hybrid models have been increasingly used for predicting drought. As such, these models will be extensively reviewed, including preprocessing-based hybrid models, parameter optimisation-based hybrid models, and hybridisation of components combination-based with preprocessing-based hybrid models. In addition, using statistical criteria, such as RMSE, MAE, NSE, MPE, SI, BIC, AIC, and AAD, is essential to evaluate the performance of the models.
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| 4. |
- Alsaffar, Abdul Kareem K., et al.
(författare)
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Development of eco-friendly wall insulation layer utilising the wastes of the packing industry
- 2023
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Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 9:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Efficient thermal insulation materials considerably lower power consumption for heating and cooling of buildings, which in turn minimises CO2 emissions and improves indoor comfort conditions. However, the selection of suitable insulation materials is governed by several factors, such as the environmental impact, health impact, cost and durability. Additionally, the disposal of used insulation materials is a major factor that affects the selection of materials because some materials could be very toxic for humans and the environment, such as asbestos-containing materials. Therefore, there is a continuous research effort, in both industry and academia, to develop sustainable and affordable insulation materials. In this context, this work aims at utilising the packing industry wastes (cardboard) to develop an eco-friendly insulation layer, which is a biodegradable material that can be disposed of safely after use. Experimentally, wasted cardboard was collected, cleaned, and soaked in water for 24 h. Then, the wet cardboard was minced and converted into past papers, then cast in square moulds and left in a ventilated oven at 75 °C to dry before de-moulding them. The produced layers were subjected to a wide range of tests, including thermal conductivity, acoustic insulation, infrared imaging and bending resistance. The obtained results showed the developed material has a good thermal and acoustic insulation performance. Thermally, the developed material had the lowest thermal conductivity (λ) (0.039 W/m.K) compared to the studied traditional materials. Additionally, it successfully decreased the noise level from 80 to about 58 dB, which was better than the efficiency of the commercial polyisocyanurate layer. However, the bending strength of the developed material was a major drawback because the material did not resist more than 0.6 MPa compared to 2.0 MPa for the commercial polyisocyanurate and 70.0 MPa for the wood boards. Therefore, it is recommended to investigate the possibility of strengthening the new material by adding fibres or cementitious materials.
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| 5. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Noise Level in Textile Industries: Case Study Al-Hillah Textile Factory-Company for Textile Industries, Al-Hillah-Babylon-Iraq
- 2021
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Ingår i: First International Virtual Conference on Environment & Natural Resources. - : Institute of Physics (IOP).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, Al-Hillah Textile Factory, in Al-Hillah city-Iraq follows to State Company for Textile Industries was selected to study the intensity of noise in 2014. Measurements of the noise level were carried out in different workshops for each of the production stages including the spinning machinery workshop (parts 1 and 2), the rotating machinery room, the preparations room, and the textile machinery room (Roti model), weaving machines: Techmash model room Russian-made model room, Sheets' machinery room, and operator machines room; using two noise meters (model 2237 Fulfici). Fifty samples were collected in each part of these rooms to give realistic results for the noise level. After recording the noise level data, the highest and lowest values and the average of noise intensity readings were calculated in each of the rooms and compared with the global standards permitted by the EPA for industrial facilities. The results of this study showed that the general rate of noise intensity in all rooms exceeded the permissible limits, which impose a noise level of 65-70dB for such industrial establishments according to EPA recommendations in 2008.
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| 6. |
- Faisal, Ayad A. H, et al.
(författare)
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Controlling metal ion migration in contaminated groundwater with Iraqi clay barriers for water resource protection
- 2023
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Ingår i: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2046-2069. ; 13:24, s. 16196-16205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the effectiveness of using Iraqi clay as a low-permeability layer to prevent the migration of lead and nickel ions in groundwater-aquifers. Tests of batch operation have been conducted to determine the optimal conditions for removing Pb2+ ions, which were found to be 120 minutes of contact time, a pH of 5, 0.12 g of clay per 100 mL of solution, and an agitation of 250 rpm. These conditions resulted in a 90% removal efficiency for a 50 mg L−1 initial concentration of lead ions. To remove nickel ions with an efficiency of 80%, the optimal conditions were 60 minutes of contact time, a pH of 6, 12 g of clay per 100 mL of solution, and an agitation of 250 rpm. Several sorption models were evaluated, and the Langmuir formula was found to be the most effective. The highest sorption capacities were 1.75 and 137 mg g−1 for nickel and lead ions, respectively. The spread of metal ions was simulated using finite element analysis in the COMSOL multiphysics simulation software, taking into account the presence of a clay barrier. The results showed that the barrier creates low-discharge zones along the down-gradient of the barrier, reducing the rate of pollutant migration to protect the water sources.
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| 7. |
- Grmasha, Ruqayah Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Temporal and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Danube River in Hungary
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Danube is a significant transboundary river on a global scale, with several tributaries. The effluents from industrial operations and wastewater treatment plants have an impact on the river's aquatic ecosystem. These discharges provide a significant threat to aquatic life by deteriorating the quality of water and sediment. Hence, a total of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds were analyzed at six locations along the river, covering a period of 12 months. The objective was to explore the temporal and spatial fluctuations of these chemicals in both water and sediment. The study revealed a significant fluctuation in the concentration of PAHs in water throughout the year, with levels ranging from 224.8 ng/L during the summer to 365.8 ng/L during the winter. Similarly, the concentration of PAHs in sediment samples varied from 316.7 ng/g in dry weight during the summer to 422.9 ng/g in dry weight during the winter. According to the Europe Drinking Water Directive, the levels of PAHs exceeded the permitted limit of 100 ng/L, resulting in a 124.8% rise in summer and a 265.8% increase in winter. The results suggest that the potential human-caused sources of PAHs were mostly derived from pyrolytic and pyrogenic processes, with pyrogenic sources being more dominant. Assessment of sediment quality standards (SQGs) showed that the levels of PAHs in sediments were below the Effect Range Low (ERL), except for acenaphthylene (Acy) and fluorene (Fl) concentrations. This suggests that there could be occasional biological consequences. The cumulative Individual Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) exceeds 1/104 for both adults and children in all sites.
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| 8. |
- Hashim, Khalid S., et al.
(författare)
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Adsorption of fluoride on a green adsorbent derived from wastepaper: Kinetic, isotherm and characterisation study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 2666-0164. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The excessive concentration of fluoride (F−) in water represents a grave problem for several countries, especially those that depend on groundwater as a main source of drinking water. Therefore, many treatment methods, such as chemical precipitation and membrane, were practised to remove F− from water. However, the traditional methods suffer from many limitations, such as the high cost and the slowness. Hence, many studies have been directed towards developing novel and effective water defluoridation methods. In this context, the current study investigates the development of an eco-friendly adsorbent by extracting Ca, Al, and Fe from industrial by-products, precipitating them on sand particles, and using this new adsorbent to remove F− from water. The removal experiments were commenced under different pH levels (3-10), contact times (0–240 minutes) and concentrations of F− (7.5–37.5 mg/L). X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction Investigator (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) methods were used to characterise the green adsorbent. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies were also conducted to define the adsorption type. The results confirmed that the new adsorbent could remove as high as 86% of F− at pH, contact time, agitation speed and adsorbent dose of 10, 180 minutes, 200 rpm and 15 mg/L, respectively. The characterisation studies prove the occurrence of the sorption process and the suitability of the morphology of the adsorbent for F− removal. Adsorption kinetics follow better with a pseudo-first-order model that indicates the predominance of physisorption, which agrees with the FTIR results. The isotherm study indicated that Langmuir isotherm is more suitable for representing data with an R2 value of 0.992, which means the adsorption of F− occurs as monolayer adsorption on homogeneous sites on the surface of the new adsorbent. In summary, it can be concluded that the developed adsorbent in this study could be a promising alternative to the traditional F− removal methods.
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| 9. |
- Khudhair, Zahraa S., et al.
(författare)
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A Review of Hybrid Soft Computing and Data Pre-Processing Techniques to Forecast Freshwater Quality’s Parameters: Current Trends and Future Directions
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environments. - : MDPI. - 2076-3298. ; 9:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water quality has a significant influence on human health. As a result, water quality parameter modelling is one of the most challenging problems in the water sector. Therefore, the major factor in choosing an appropriate prediction model is accuracy. This research aims to analyse hybrid techniques and pre-processing data methods in freshwater quality modelling and forecasting. Hybrid approaches have generally been seen as a potential way of improving the accuracy of water quality modelling and forecasting compared with individual models. Consequently, recent studies have focused on using hybrid models to enhance forecasting accuracy. The modelling of dissolved oxygen is receiving more attention. From a review of relevant articles, it is clear that hybrid techniques are viable and precise methods for water quality prediction. Additionally, this paper presents future research directions to help researchers predict freshwater quality variables.
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| 10. |
- Mohammed, Sarah J., et al.
(författare)
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Application of hybrid machine learning models and data pre-processing to predict water level of watersheds: Recent trends and future perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cogent Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 2331-1916. ; 9:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The community’s well-being and economic livelihoods are heavily influenced by the water level of watersheds. The changes in water levels directly affect the circulation processes of lakes and rivers that control water mixing and bottom sediment resuspension, further affecting water quality and aquatic ecosystems. Thus, these considerations have made the water level monitoring process essential to save the environment. Machine learning hybrid models are emerging robust tools that are successfully applied for water level monitoring. Various models have been developed, and selecting the optimal model would be a lengthy procedure. A timely, detailed, and instructive overview of the models’ concepts and historical uses would be beneficial in preventing researchers from overlooking models’ potential selection and saving significant time on the problem. Thus, recent research on water level prediction using hybrid machines is reviewed in this article to present the “state of the art” on the subject and provide some suggestions on research methodologies and models. This comprehensive study classifies hybrid models into four types algorithm parameter optimisation-based hybrid models (OBH), pre-processing-based hybrid models (PBH), the components combination-based hybrid models (CBH), and hybridisation of parameter optimisation-based with preprocessing-based hybrid models (HOPH); furthermore, it explains the pre-processing of data in detail. Finally, the most popular optimisation methods and future perspectives and conclusions have been discussed.
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