| 1. |
- Asan, Noor Badariah, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessment of Blood Vessel Effect on Fat-Intrabody Communication Using Numerical and Ex-Vivo Models at 2.45 GHZ
- 2019
-
Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 2169-3536. ; 7, s. 89886-89900
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential offered by the intra-body communication (IBC) over the past few years has resulted in a spike of interest for the topic, specifically for medical applications. Fat-IBC is subsequently a novel alternative technique that utilizes fat tissue as a communication channel. This work aimed to identify such transmission medium and its performance in varying blood-vessel systems at 2.45 GHz, particularly in the context of the IBC and medical applications. It incorporated three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic simulations and laboratory investigations that implemented models of blood vessels of varying orientations, sizes, and positions. Such investigations were undertaken by using ex-vivo porcine tissues and three blood-vessel system configurations. These configurations represent extreme cases of real-life scenarios that sufficiently elucidated their principal influence on the transmission. The blood-vessel models consisted of ex-vivo muscle tissues and copper rods. The results showed that the blood vessels crossing the channel vertically contributed to 5.1 dB and 17.1 dB signal losses for muscle and copper rods, respectively, which is the worst-case scenario in the context of fat-channel with perturbance. In contrast, blood vessels aligned-longitudinally in the channel have less effect and yielded 4.5 dB and 4.2 dB signal losses for muscle and copper rods, respectively. Meanwhile, the blood vessels crossing the channel horizontally displayed 3.4 dB and 1.9 dB signal losses for muscle and copper rods, respectively, which were the smallest losses among the configurations. The laboratory investigations were in agreement with the simulations. Thus, this work substantiated the fat-IBC signal transmission variability in the context of varying blood vessel configurations.
|
|
| 2. |
- Asan, Noor Badariah, et al.
(författare)
-
Characterization of the Fat Channel for Intra-Body Communication at R-Band Frequencies
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Sensors. - : MDPI. - 1424-8220. ; 18:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we investigate the use of fat tissue as a communication channel between in-body, implanted devices at R-band frequencies (1.7–2.6 GHz). The proposed fat channel is based on an anatomical model of the human body. We propose a novel probe that is optimized to efficiently radiate the R-band frequencies into the fat tissue. We use our probe to evaluate the path loss of the fat channel by studying the channel transmission coefficient over the R-band frequencies. We conduct extensive simulation studies and validate our results by experimentation on phantom and ex-vivo porcine tissue, with good agreement between simulations and experiments. We demonstrate a performance comparison between the fat channel and similar waveguide structures. Our characterization of the fat channel reveals propagation path loss of ∼0.7 dB and ∼1.9 dB per cm for phantom and ex-vivo porcine tissue, respectively. These results demonstrate that fat tissue can be used as a communication channel for high data rate intra-body networks.
|
|
| 3. |
- Asan, Noor Badariah, et al.
(författare)
-
Data Packet Transmission through Fat Tissue for Wireless Intra-Body Networks
- 2017
-
Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 2469-7249 .- 2469-7257. ; 1:2, s. 43-51
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work explores high data rate microwave communication through fat tissue in order to address the wide bandwidth requirements of intra-body area networks. We have designed and carried out experiments on an IEEE 802.15.4 based WBAN prototype by measuring the performance of the fat tissue channel in terms of data packet reception with respect to tissue length and power transmission. This paper proposes and demonstrates a high data rate communication channel through fat tissue using phantom and ex-vivo environments. Here, we achieve a data packet reception of approximately 96 % in both environments. The results also show that the received signal strength drops by ~1 dBm per 10 mm in phantom and ~2 dBm per 10 mm in ex-vivo. The phantom and ex-vivo experimentations validated our approach for high data rate communication through fat tissue for intrabody network applications. The proposed method opens up new opportunities for further research in fat channel communication. This study will contribute to the successful development of high bandwidth wireless intra-body networks that support high data rate implanted, ingested, injected, or worn devices
|
|
| 4. |
- Asan, Noor Badariah, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of Thickness Inhomogeneity in Fat Tissue on In-Body Microwave Propagation
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Biomedical Conference (IMBIOC). - Philadelphia, USA : IEEE. - 9781538659182 ; , s. 136-138
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent studies, it has been found that fat tissue can be used as a microwave communication channel. In this article, the effect of thickness inhomogeneities in fat tissues on the performance of in-body microwave communication at 2.45 GHz is investigated using phantom models. We considered two models namely concave and convex geometrical fat distribution to account for the thickness inhomogeneities. The thickness of the fat tissue is varied from 5 mm to 45 mm and the Gap between the transmitter/receiver and the starting and ending of concavity/convexity is varied from 0 mm to 25 mm for a length of 100 mm to study the behavior in the microwave propagation. The phantoms of different geometries, concave and convex, are used in this work to validate the numerical studies. It was noticed that the convex model exhibited higher signal coupling by an amount of 1 dB (simulation) and 2 dB (measurement) compared to the concave model. From the study, it was observed that the signal transmission improves up to 30 mm thick fat and reaches a plateau when the thickness is increased further.
|
|
| 5. |
- Asan, Noor Badariah, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of Blood Vessels on Fat Channel Microwave Communication
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 2018 IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA). - : IEEE. - 9781538657959
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to investigate the reliability of intra-body microwave propagation through the fat tissue in presence of blood vessels. Here, we consider three types of blood vessels with different sizes. We investigate the impact of the number of blood vessels and their alignment on the transmission of microwave signals through the fat channel. In our study, we employ two probes that act as a transmitter and a receiver. The probes are designed to operate at the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical radio band (2.45 GHz). For a channel length of 100 mm, our results indicate that the presence of the blood vessels may increase the channel path loss by similar to 1.5 dB and similar to 4.5 dB when the vessels are aligned and orthogonally aligned with the fat channel, respectively.
|
|
| 6. |
- Asan, Noor Badariah, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fat-IntraBody Communication at 5.8 GHz : Verification of Dynamic Body Movement Effects using Computer Simulation and Experiments
- 2021
-
Ingår i: IEEE Access. - : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 9, s. 48429-48445
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents numerical modeling and experimental validation of the signal path loss at the 5.8 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, performed in the context of fat-intrabody communication (fat-IBC), a novel intrabody communication platform using the body-omnipresent fat tissue as the key wave-guiding medium. Such work extends our previous works at 2.0 and 2.4 GHz in the characterization of its performance in other useful frequency range. In addition, this paper also includes studies of both static and dynamic human body movements. In order to provide with a more comprehensive characterization of the communication performance at this frequency, this work focuses on investigating the path loss at different configurations of fat tissue thickness, antenna polarizations, and locations in the fat channel. We bring more realism to the experimental validation by using excised tissues from porcine cadaver as both their fat and muscle tissues have electromagnetic characteristics similar to those of human with respect to current state-of-art artificial phantom models. Moreover, for favorable signal excitation and reception in the fat-IBC model, we used topology optimized waveguide probes. These probes provide an almost flat response in the frequency range from 3.2 to 7.1 GHz which is higher than previous probes and improve the evaluation of the performance of the fat-IBC model. We also discuss various aspects of real-world scenarios by examining different models, particularly homogeneous multilayered skin, fat, and muscle tissue. To study the effect of dynamic body movements, we examine the impact of misalignment, both in space and in wave polarization, between implanted nodes. We show in particular that the use of fat-IBC techniques can be extended up in frequency to a broadband channel at 5.8 GHz.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Asan, Noor Badariah, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Human Fat Tissue : A Microwave Communication Channel
- 2017
-
Ingår i: 2017 First IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Bio Conference (IMBIOC). - : IEEE. - 9781538617137
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we present an approach for communication through human body tissue in the R-band frequency range. This study examines the ranges of microwave frequencies suitable for intra-body communication. The human body tissues are characterized with respect to their transmission properties using simulation modeling and phantom measurements. The variations in signal coupling with respect to different tissue thicknesses are studied. The simulation and phantom measurement results show that electromagnetic communication in the fat layer is viable with attenuation of approximately 2 dB per 20 mm.
|
|
| 9. |
- Asan, Noor Badariah, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Impact of Blood Vessels on Data Packet Transmission Through the Fat Channel
- 2018
-
Ingår i: 2018 IEEE INTERNATIONAL RF AND MICROWAVE CONFERENCE (RFM 2018). - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781538667200 - 9781538667194 - 9781538667217 ; , s. 196-198
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reliability of intra-body wireless communication systems is very important in medical applications to ensure the data transmission between implanted devices. In this paper, we present newly developed measurements to investigate the effect of blood vessels on the data packet reception through the fat tissue. We use an IEEE 802.15.4-based WBAN prototype to measure the packet reception rate (PRR) through a tissue-equivalent phantom model. The blood vessels are modelled using copper rods. We measure the PRR at the frequency 2.45 GHz for several power levels. The results revealed that the presence of blood vessels aligned with the fat channel has tiny influence on the PRR when measured over the range -25 dBm to 0 dBm power level and for different blood vessels positions. Our investigations show 97% successful PRR through a 10 cm length fat channel in presence of the blood vessels.
|
|
| 10. |
- Asan, Noor Badariah, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Intra-body microwave communication through adipose tissue
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Healthcare technology letters. - : The Institution of Engineering and Technology. - 2053-3713. ; 4:4, s. 115-121
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The human body can act as a medium for the transmission of electromagnetic waves in the wireless body sensor networks context. However, there are transmission losses in biological tissues due to the presence of water and salts. This Letter focuses on lateral intra-body microwave communication through different biological tissue layers and demonstrates the effect of the tissue thicknesses by comparing signal coupling in the channel. For this work, the authors utilise the R-band frequencies since it overlaps the industrial, scientific and medical radio (ISM) band. The channel model in human tissues is proposed based on electromagnetic simulations, validated using equivalent phantom and ex-vivo measurements. The phantom and ex-vivo measurements are compared with simulation modelling. The results show that electromagnetic communication is feasible in the adipose tissue layer with a low attenuation of approximate to 2 dB per 20 mm for phantom measurements and 4 dB per 20 mm for ex-vivo measurements at 2 GHz. Since the dielectric losses of human adipose tissues are almost half of ex-vivo tissue, an attenuation of around 3 dB per 20 mm is expected. The results show that human adipose tissue can be used as an intra-body communication channel.
|
|
