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- Falkenström, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Patient Version of the Working Alliance Inventory-Short Form Revised
- 2015
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Ingår i: Assessment (Odessa, Fla.). - : SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC. - 1073-1911 .- 1552-3489. ; 22:5, s. 581-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The working alliance concerns the quality of collaboration between patient and therapist in psychotherapy. One of the most widely used scales for measuring the working alliance is the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI). For the patient-rated version, the short form developed by Hatcher and Gillaspy (WAI-SR) has shown the best psychometric properties. In two confirmatory factor analyses of the WAI-SR, approximate fit indices were within commonly accepted norms, but the likelihood ratio chi-square test showed significant ill-fit. The present study used Bayesian structural equations modeling with zero mean and small variance priors to test the factor structure of the WAI-SR in three different samples (one American and two Swedish; N = 235, 634, and 234). Results indicated that maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis showed poor model fit because of the assumption of exactly zero residual correlations. When residual correlations were estimated using small variance priors, model fit was excellent. A two-factor model had the best psychometric properties. Strong measurement invariance was shown between the two Swedish samples and weak factorial invariance between the Swedish and American samples. The most important limitation concerns the limited knowledge on when the assumption of residual correlations being small enough to be considered trivial is violated.
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| 2. |
- Falkenström, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Development and Validation of a 6-item Working Alliance Questionnaire for Repeated Administrations During Psychotherapy
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychological Assessment. - : American Psychological Association. - 1040-3590 .- 1939-134X. ; 27:1, s. 169-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recently, researchers have started to measure the working alliance repeatedly across sessions of psychotherapy, relating the working alliance to symptom change session by session. Responding to questionnaires after each session can become tedious, leading to careless responses and/or increasing levels of missing data. Therefore, assessment with the briefest possible instrument is desirable. Because previous research on the Working Alliance Inventory has found the separation of the Goal and Task factors problematic, the present study examined the psychometric properties of a 2-factor, 6-item working alliance measure, adapted from the Working Alliance Inventory, in 3 patient samples (ns = 1,095, 235, and 234). Results showed that a bifactor model fit the data well across the 3 samples, and the factor structure was stable across 10 sessions of primary care counseling/psychotherapy. Although the bifactor model with 1 general and 2 specific factors outperformed the 1-factor model in terms of model fit, dimensionality analyses based on the bifactor model results indicated that in practice the instrument is best treated as unidimensional. Results support the use of composite scores of all 6 items. The instrument was validated by replicating previous findings of session-by-session prediction of symptom reduction using the Autoregressive Latent Trajectory model. The 6-item working alliance scale, called the Session Alliance Inventory, is a promising alternative for researchers in search for a brief alliance measure to administer after every session.
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| 3. |
- Hatcher, Robert L., et al.
(författare)
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Psychometric evaluation of the Working Alliance Inventory—Therapist version : Current and new short forms
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychotherapy Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1050-3307 .- 1468-4381. ; 30:6, s. 706-717
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) and its short forms are widely used, although the properties of the therapists? versions have been little studied. Method: We examined the psychometric properties of two short forms (WAI-S-T, WAI-SR-T), and explored the creation of a psychometrically stronger short form using contemporary measure development techniques. Well-fitting items from the full 36-item WAI were identified in a development sample (131 therapists, 688 patients) using multi-level Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling, accounting for therapist rated effects. Multi-level Item Response Theory (IRT) methods aided creation of a revised short form (WAI-S-T-IRT). Factor structures of the three forms were assessed using multi-level ML estimation with robust standard errors. Results: Collinearity problems for the Goal and Task dimensions led to testing a two-factor model (Goal?Task, Bond). All three measures showed satisfactory fit; the WAI-S-T-IRT fit slightly better but differences were minor. Testing the structures in an independent sample (N?=?1117) yielded essentially the same results. No version showed strong measurement invariance. Discussion: Continued use of current therapist forms is supported; differentiation of theoretical dimensions is difficult with current measures, and may not be possible with self-report forms.
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