| 1. |
- Hirscher, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Materials for hydrogen-based energy storage - past, recent progress and future outlook
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-8388 .- 1873-4669. ; 827
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Globally, the accelerating use of renewable energy sources, enabled by increased efficiencies and reduced costs, and driven by the need to mitigate the effects of climate change, has significantly increased research in the areas of renewable energy production, storage, distribution and end-use. Central to this discussion is the use of hydrogen, as a clean, efficient energy vector for energy storage. This review, by experts of Task 32, Hydrogen-based Energy Storage of the International Energy Agency, Hydrogen TCP, reports on the development over the last 6 years of hydrogen storage materials, methods and techniques, including electrochemical and thermal storage systems. An overview is given on the background to the various methods, the current state of development and the future prospects. The following areas are covered; porous materials, liquid hydrogen carriers, complex hydrides, intermetallic hydrides, electrochemical storage of energy, thermal energy storage, hydrogen energy systems and an outlook is presented for future prospects and research on hydrogen-based energy storage.
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| 2. |
- Casillas Trujillo, Luis, et al.
(författare)
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Interstitial carbon in bcc HfNbTiVZr high-entropy alloy from first principles
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physical Review Materials. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 2475-9953. ; 4:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The remarkable mechanical properties of high-entropy alloys can be further improved by interstitial alloying. In this work we employ density functional theory calculations to study the solution energies of dilute carbon interstitial atoms in tetrahedral and octahedral sites in bcc HfNbTiVZr. Our results indicate that carbon interstitials in tetrahedral sites are unstable, and the preferred octahedral sites present a large spread in the energy of solution. The inclusion of carbon interstitials induces large structural relaxations with long-range effects. The effect of local chemical environment on the energy of solution is investigated by performing a local cluster expansion including studies of its correlation with the carbon atomic Voronoi volume. However, the spread in solution energetics cannot be explained with a local environment analysis only pointing towards a complex, long-range influence of interstitial carbon in this alloy.
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| 3. |
- Ek, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Elucidating the Effects of the Composition on Hydrogen Sorption in TiVZrNbHf-Based High-Entropy Alloys
- 2021
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Ingår i: Inorganic Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0020-1669 .- 1520-510X. ; 60:2, s. 1124-1132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) in the TiVZrNbHf system have been synthesized by arc melting and systematically evaluated for their hydrogen sorption characteristics. A total of 21 alloys with varying elemental compositions were investigated, and 17 of them form body-centered-cubic (bcc) solid solutions in the as-cast state. A total of 15 alloys form either face-centered-cubic (fcc) or body-centered-tetragonal (bct) hydrides after exposure to gaseous hydrogen with hydrogen per metal ratios (H/M) as high as 2.0. Linear trends are observed between the volumetric expansion per metal atom [(V/Z)fcc/bct – (V/Z)bcc/hcp]/(V/Z)bcc/hcp with the valence electron concentration and average Pauling electronegativity (χp) of the alloys. However, no correlation was observed between the atomic size mismatch, δ, and any investigated hydrogen sorption property such as the maximum storage capacity or onset temperature for hydrogen release.
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| 4. |
- Nygård, Magnus M., et al.
(författare)
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Local order in high-entropy alloys and associated deuterides - a total scattering and Reverse Monte Carlo study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Acta Materialia. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 1359-6454 .- 1873-2453. ; 199, s. 504-513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many of the materials properties of high-entropy alloys (HEAs), like increased hardness, reduced thermal and electrical conductivity, and interesting hydrogen storage properties, are proposed to be related to local lattice distortions of the crystal structure due to the significant size differences between the elements of the alloy. However, direct evidence of this effect is very limited in the literature, and it therefore remains a hypothesis. This work presents a detailed assessment of the local lattice distortion in three body-centered cubic (bcc) HEAs TiVNb, TiVZrNb and TiVZrNbHf with varying atomic size differences using total scattering measurements and Reverse Monte Carlo structure modelling. The analysis indicates that the amount of local lattice distortion in the alloys increases with the elemental size difference in the alloy. The amount of lattice distortion is relieved when dideuterides with CaF2-type structures (Fm (3) over barm) are formed from the bcc (Im (3) over barm) HEAs. Analyses of the local environments around the deuterium atoms reveal an interesting correlation between the valence-electron concentration (VEC) of the nearest-neighbour metals and the stability of tetrahedral interstices with respect to deuterium occupation. Moreover, there is a tendency towards Ti/Nb short-range order in TiVNbD5.7 where the mixing entropy is lowest. In TiVZrNbHfD10, about 6 % of the deuterium atoms are displaced from the tetrahedral interstices with smaller volumes to octahedral interstices.
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| 5. |
- Sato, Toyoto, 1978-
(författare)
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Novel Interstitial Mg–TM (TM = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb and Ta) Hydrides with an FCC Structure and CaNiH3 with a Perovskite Structure
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is focused on structural investigations of novel interstitial ternary alkaline-earth–transition metal hydrides formed by immiscible metals that are held together by the presence of hydrogen atoms. The contents are divided in two parts: Metastable Mg-based hydrides, in which transition-metal additives improve hydrogen storage properties; and a new Ca–Ni hydride, CaNiH3, with a perovskite structure, in which hydrogen enables a Ca:Ni =1:1 ratio although no such alloy composition exists.New ternary Mg-based hydride with an additive of either Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb or Ta were synthesized in a high-pressure anvil cell at 4–8 GPa and 600 ºC. All hydrides had an FCC metal atom structure with an axis of about 4.8 Å. This corresponds to an assumed high-pressure MgH2 phase that is stable at a pressure above 3.6 GPa (P. Vajeeston, P. Ravindran, A. Kjekshus, H. Fjellvåg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 175506). Ordering of the metal atoms in the lattice leads to a doubling of the FCC unit cell all axis, and the metal atom structure of the hydrides (excluding Zr doped hydride) can be described by the Ca7Ge-type structure. Hydrogen atom arrangements at two tetrahedral sites were found from a powder X-ray diffraction pattern obtained with synchrotron radiation. One of the tetrahedral sites coordinates one TM atom and three Mg atoms, and the other coordinates four Mg atoms.CaNiH3 crystallizes with a cubic unit cell: a = 3.544(1) Å, V = 44.51(4) Å3 and Z = 1 in space group Pm-3m (No. 221). The hydrogen positions were determined from CaNiD3, using powder neutron diffraction, and the hydride was of an ideal perovskite ABH3 type. It was stabilized by a polyanionic framework of [NiH3]2- counterbalanced by Ca2+ cations. Total-energy calculations of the electronic structure showed that the hydride was a metallic conductor due to a half-filled Ni-H antibonding eg band.
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