| 1. |
- Aurell, Emelie, et al.
(författare)
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Mikroplaster : Redovisning av regeringsuppdrag om källor till mikroplaster och förslag på åtgärder för minskade utsläpp i Sverige
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I augusti 2015 fick Naturvårdsverket i uppdrag från regeringen att identifiera viktigare källor i Sverige till utsläpp av mikroplaster till havet och verka för att reducera utsläppen från dessa källor. I den här rapporten redovisar Naturvårdsverket uppdraget. Vi presenterar resultaten från den första, övergripande kartläggningen av källor till och spridning av mikroplaster i Sverige, en bedömning av vilka av de kartlagda källorna som primärt bör åtgärdas samt vilka steg som behöver tas för att förebygga utsläpp och minska spridning av mikroplaster till hav, sjöar och vattendrag från dessa källor.Förekomsten av mikroplast i den marina miljön har uppmärksammats allt mer under senare år, inte minst på global nivå. Mikroplast är ett samlingsnamn för små, små plastfragment (1 nm till 5 mm). De mikroplaster som hittats i världshaven, men även i sötvattensystem, har olika ursprung. Mikroplast kan bildas oavsiktligt när plastföremål slits och plastpartiklar frigörs, eller när vi inte återanvänder, återvinner eller slänger plastmaterial på rätt sätt utan plasten blir skräp som succesivt bryts ned till mindre och mindre bitar i naturen. Det finns också plast som från början tillverkas som små pellets eller korn.Utgångspunkten för arbetet har varit miljökvalitetsmålen Hav i balans samt levande kust och Levande sjöar och vattendrag samt målet om Giftfri miljö. Reduceradeutsläpp av mikroplaster till hav, sjöar och vattendrag bidrar till att nå dessa mål.Uppdraget har genomförts av Naturvårdsverket i samarbete med Havs- och vattenmyndigheten, andra berörda myndigheter, samt med deltagande av berörda organisationer och andra intressenter mellan augusti 2015 och maj 2017. Slutsatserna är Naturvårdsverkets egna.
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| 2. |
- Granström, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Test-retest reliability of the twenty-five-hole peg test in patients who had a stroke
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 9:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Weaknesses of the nine-hole peg test include high floor effects and a result that might be difficult to interpret. In the twenty-five-hole peg test (TFHPT), the larger number of available pegs allows for the straightforward counting of the number of pegs inserted as the result. The TFHPT provides a comprehensible result and low floor effects. The objective was to assess the test-retest reliability of the TFHPT when testing persons with stroke. A particular focus was placed on the absolute reliability, as quantified by the smallest real difference (SRD). Complementary aims were to investigate possible implications for how the TFHPT should be used and for how the SRD of the TFHPT performance should be expressed.DESIGN: This study employed a test-retest design including three trials. The pause between trials was approximately 10-120 s.PARTICIPANTS, SETTING AND OUTCOME MEASURE: Thirty-one participants who had suffered a stroke were recruited from a group designated for constraint-induced movement therapy at outpatient clinics. The TFHPT result was expressed as the number of pegs inserted.METHODS: Absolute reliability was quantified by the SRD, including random and systematic error for a single trial, SRD2.1, and for an average of three trials, SRD2.3. For the SRD measures, the corresponding SRD percentage (SRD%) measure was also reported.RESULTS: The differences in the number of pegs necessary to detect a change in the TFHPT for SRD2.1 and SRD2.3 were 4.0 and 2.3, respectively. The corresponding SRD% values for SRD2.1 and SRD2.3 were 36.5% and 21.3%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: The smallest change that can be detected in the TFHPT should be just above two pegs for a test procedure including an average of three trials. The use of an average of three trials compared with a single trial substantially reduces the measurement error.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN registry, reference number ISRCTN24868616.
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| 3. |
- Hedlund, Britta, et al.
(författare)
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GIFTER & MILJÖ 2017 : Kemikalier i vardagenOm påverkan på yttermiljö och människor
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- vi exponeras för ett stort antal kemikalier i vår vardag och många av dessa sprids vidare till den yttre miljön. Därför har vi valt ”Kemikalier i vardagen” som tema för Gifter och Miljö 2017. Rapporten innehåller ett urval av aktuella resultat från miljöövervakningen av miljögifter – analyser av tidstrender och studier som återspeglar hur läget ser ut idag.fortfarande saknas mycket kunskap om vilka egenskaper hos kemikalier och föroreningar som påverkar människors hälsa och miljön. Därför är riskerna svåra att bedöma och begränsa, men vissa ämnen har välkända negativa effekter på både vår hälsa och miljön. Många kemiska ämnen ingår i till exempel bilar, kläder, plastartiklar och byggnadsmateriel. Hur många okända kemikalier som kommer in i Sverige via importerade varor är okänt och ytterligare ämnen bildas oavsiktligt i industriella processer.naturvårdsverket ansvarar i samarbete med Havs- och vattenmyndigheten församordningen av miljöövervakningen i Sverige och driver det nationella miljöövervakningsprogrammet, som består av tio olika programområden. Naturvårdsverket har ansvar för all övervakning av miljöfarliga ämnen i miljön, inklusive i vatten. I slutet av rapporten beskrivs vilken typ av övervakning som görs inom olika programområden.miljöövervakningen av miljögifter kan svara på vad vi hittar i miljö och människa, hur exponeringen sker och hur utsläppsminskande åtgärder givit effekt. Många kemiska ämnen omfattas. De har olika egenskaper och har släppts ut i miljön under olika lång tid. Gemensamt för alla övervakade ämnen är att de har kunnat misstänkas ha negativa effekter på miljö och människa.
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| 4. |
- Hedlund, Britta, 1955-
(författare)
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors : investigation of interactions with agonists and antagonists
- 1981
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the present investigation interactions of agonists and antagonists with the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor from rat cerebral cortex and rat ileum smooth muscle have been characterized.It is suggested that the binding of antagonist involves two sequential equilibria, an association reaction followed by isomerization of the receptor-antagonist complex. The rate constants for these steps are dependent on the antagonist used, as well as on the reaction conditions. Muscarinic receptors are present in at least two different conformational states on the membrane, as demonstrated by the agonist binding experiments, and the receptor protein is able to bind at least two ligand molecules (agonists and/or antagonists) simultaneously. Studies with 3H-pilocarpine indicate that at least two, and probably more, agonist molecules can be bound to the receptor simultaneously. The conformation which binds agonist with high affinity seems to be sensitive to changes in the membrane potential or in the open/closed state of a coupled Na+-channel. This conclusion is supported by the effects of drugs acting on the Na+-channel and of depolarizing agents on ligand binding to the muscarinic receptor. The conformation with high affinity for the agonist and the low affinity conformer mediate different ion -fluxes across the membrane, respectively.
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| 5. |
- Hedlund, Mattias, 1968-
(författare)
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Biomechanical and neural aspects of eccentric and concentric muscle performance in stroke subjects : Implications for resistance training
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Muscle weakness is one of the major causes of post-stroke disability. Stroke rehabilitation programs now often incorporate the same type of resistance training that is used for healthy subjects; however, the training effects induced from these training strategies are often limited for stroke patients. An important resistance training principle is that an optimal level of stress is exerted on the neuromuscular system, both during concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening) contractions. One potential problem for post-stroke patients might be difficulties achieving sufficient levels of stress on the neuromuscular system. This problem may be associated with altered muscular function after stroke. In healthy subjects, maximum strength during eccentric contractions is higher than during concentric contractions. In individuals with stroke, this difference in strength is often increased. Moreover, it has also been shown that individuals with stroke exhibit alteration with respect to how the strength varies throughout the range of motion. For example, healthy subjects exhibit a joint specific torque-angle relationship that normally is the same irrespective of contraction mode and contraction velocity. In contrast, individuals with stroke exhibit an overall change of the torque-angle relationship. This change, as described in the literature, consists of a more pronounced strength loss at short muscle length. In individuals with stroke, torque-angle relationships are only partially investigated and so far these relationships have not been analysed using testing protocols that include eccentric, isometric, and concentric modes of contraction. This thesis investigates the torque-angle relationship of elbow flexors in subjects with stroke during all three modes of contractions – isometric, concentric, and eccentric – and the relative loading throughout the range of movement during a resistance exercise. In addition, this thesis studies possible central nervous system mechanisms involved in the control of muscle activation during eccentric and concentric contractions. The torque-angle relationship during maximum voluntary elbow flexion was examined in stroke subjects (n=11), age-matched healthy subjects (n=11), and young subjects (n=11) during different contraction modes and velocities. In stroke subjects, maximum torque as well as the torque angle relationship was better preserved during eccentric contractions compared to concentric contractions. Furthermore, the relative loading during a resistance exercise at an intensity of 10RM (repetition maximum) was examined. Relative loading throughout the concentric phase of the resistance exercise, expressed as percentage of concentric torque, was found to be similar in all groups. However, relative loading during the eccentric contraction phase, expressed as the percentage of eccentric isokinetic torque, was significantly lower for the stroke group. In addition, when related to isometric maximum voluntary contraction, the loading for the stroke group was significantly lower than for the control groups during both the concentric and eccentric contraction phases.Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine differences between recruited brain regions during the concentric and the eccentric phase of imagined maximum resistance exercise of the elbow flexors (motor imagery) in young healthy subjects (n=18) and in a selected sample of individuals with stroke (n=4). The motor and premotor cortex was less activated during imagined maximum eccentric contractions compared to imagined maximum concentric contraction of elbow flexors. Moreover, BA44 in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, a brain area that has been shown to be involved in inhibitory control of motor activity, was additionally recruited during eccentric compared to concentric conditions. This pattern was evident only on the contralesional (the intact hemisphere) in some of the stroke subjects. On the ipsilesional hemisphere, the recruitment in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex was similar for both modes of contractions. Compared to healthy subjects, the stroke subjects exhibited altered muscular function comprising a specific reduction of torque producing capacity and deviant torque-angle relationship during concentric contractions. Therefore, the relative training load during the resistance exercise at a training intensity of 10RM was lower for subjects with stroke. Furthermore, neuroimaging data indicates that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex may be involved in a mechanism that modulates cortical motor drive differently depending on mode of the contractions. This might partly be responsible for why it is impossible to fully activate a muscle during eccentric contractions. Moreover, among individuals with stroke, a disturbance of this system could also lie behind the lack of contraction mode-specific modulation of muscle activation that has been found in this population. The altered neuromuscular function evident after a stroke means that stroke victims may find it difficult to supply a sufficient level of stress during traditional resistance exercises to promote adaptation by the neuromuscular system. This insufficiency may partially explain why the increase in strength, in response to conventional resistance training, often has been found to be low among subjects with stroke.
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| 6. |
- Hedlund, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Insufficient loading in stroke subjects during conventional resistance training
- 2012
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Ingår i: Advances in Physiotherapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1403-8196 .- 1651-1948. ; 14:1, s. 18-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our objective was to assess the loading during a resistance-training task at a given training intensity in subjects with stroke and in healthy subjects. Subjects with stroke (n = 11) and two control groups (n = 11 in each) underwent strength measurements and a resistance-training task for elbow flexors. Torque and muscular activity obtained during the resistance-training task was related to values obtained during strength measurements. Even if relative loading throughout the concentric phase of the resistance-training task, expressed as percent of concentric isokinetic torque, was found to be similar among groups, we found indications of insufficient loading for the stroke group. Relative loading during the eccentric contraction phase, expressed as percent of eccentric isokinetic torque, was significantly lower for the stroke group. Also, when related to isometric maximum voluntary contraction, the loading was significantly lower for the stroke group, compared with the control groups, during the concentric and eccentric contraction phases. Furthermore, muscle activation during, as well as muscular fatigue after, the resistance-training task was somewhat lower for the stroke group. Hence, for subjects with stroke, the relative loading during resistance training, performed at a training intensity considered adequate for able-bodied, appears to be too low compared with the healthy controls. © 2012 Informa Healthcare.
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| 7. |
- Hedlund, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Is better preservation of eccentric strength after stroke due to altered prefrontal function?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Neurocase. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1355-4794 .- 1465-3656. ; 22:2, s. 229-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) is part of a network that exerts inhibitory control over the motor cortex (MC). Recently, we demonstrated that VLPFC was more activated during imagined maximum eccentric than during imagined concentric contractions in healthy participants. This was accompanied with lower activation levels within motor regions during imagined eccentric contractions. The aim was to test a novel hypothesis of an involvement of VLPFC in contraction mode-specific modulation of force. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine differences in VLPFC and motor regions during the concentric and the eccentric phases of imagined maximum contractions in a selected sample of subjects with stroke (n = 4). The subjects were included as they exhibited disturbed modulation of force. The previously demonstrated pattern within VLPFC was evident only on the contralesional hemisphere. On the ipsilesional hemisphere, the recruitment in VLPFC was similar for both modes of contractions. The findings support a hypothesis of the involvement of VLPFC in contraction mode-specific modulation of maximum force production. A disturbance of this system might underlie the lack of contraction mode-specific modulation commonly found among stroke subjects, often expressed as an increased ratio between eccentric and concentric strength.
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| 8. |
- Hedlund, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Torque-angle relationship are better preserved during eccentric compared to concentric contractions in patients with stroke
- 2012
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Ingår i: Isokinetics and exercise science. - 0959-3020 .- 1878-5913. ; 20:2, s. 129-140
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to compare the effect of isokinetic contraction mode and velocity on the torque-angle relationship during maximum voluntary elbow flexion in patients with stroke, age-matched healthy subjects and young subjects. To eliminate the effect of torque amplitude differences between subjects and groups, the torque values throughout the ROM were individually normalized to the peak value for each contraction velocity. The results indicate that in stroke patients the normalized torque angle relationship during the eccentric contractions was better preserved than during concentric contractions. Specifically, during eccentric contractions, stroke patients exhibited a torque-angle relationship that was closer to normal as the test velocity increased. The opposite trend could be seen in concentric contractions where the torque-angle relationship became more divergent from normal with a rise in the velocity. The torque-angle relationships were essentially the same for the control groups, irrespective of contraction mode or velocity. These findings may have significance for loading patterns of resistance training exercises used with stroke patients as such exercises normally are biomechanically designed for normal torque angle relationships. In clinical practice, these findings may partly explain why the strength increases due to resistance training are limited for patients with stroke.
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| 9. |
- Jaramillo, Fernando, et al.
(författare)
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Priorities and Interactions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with Focus on Wetlands
- 2019
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Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 11:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wetlands are often vital physical and social components of a country’s natural capital, as well as providers of ecosystem services to local and national communities. We performed a network analysis to prioritize Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for sustainable development in iconic wetlands and wetlandscapes around the world. The analysis was based on the information and perceptions on 45 wetlandscapes worldwide by 49 wetland researchers of the Global Wetland Ecohydrological Network (GWEN). We identified three 2030 Agenda targets of high priority across the wetlandscapes needed to achieve sustainable development: Target 6.3—“Improve water quality”; 2.4—“Sustainable food production”; and 12.2—“Sustainable management of resources”. Moreover, we found specific feedback mechanisms and synergies between SDG targets in the context of wetlands. The most consistent reinforcing interactions were the influence of Target 12.2 on 8.4—“Efficient resource consumption”; and that of Target 6.3 on 12.2. The wetlandscapes could be differentiated in four bundles of distinctive priority SDG-targets: “Basic human needs”, “Sustainable tourism”, “Environmental impact in urban wetlands”, and “Improving and conserving environment”. In general, we find that the SDG groups, targets, and interactions stress that maintaining good water quality and a “wise use” of wetlandscapes are vital to attaining sustainable development within these sensitive ecosystems.
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| 10. |
- Nyberg, Andre, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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The accuracy of using elastic resistance bands to evaluate muscular strength
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advances in Physiotherapy. - : Informa Healthcare. - 1403-8196 .- 1651-1948. ; 16:2, s. 104-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Elastic resistance as a tool for evaluation of muscular strength has rarely been addressed even though it is commonly used in exercise and rehabilitation regimens involving the shoulder muscles. The aim was therefore to investigate the relationship and potential difference between development of force during maximal isokinetic (maximum peak force, maximum mean force and peak mean force) and elastic (one-repetition maximum (1 RM)) concentric shoulder fl exion in healthy older adults. A total of 30 voluntary adults over the age of 50 (15 women, 15 men) were included. Intraclass correlation coefficient absolute agreement was 0.85, 0.43 and 0.48 for the isokinetic values respectively, when all subjects were analysed together. No difference was found between the isokinetic maximum peak force value and the elastic 1 RM for all participants (0.15 kg, p 0.791), for men (0.80 kg, p 0.121) or women ( 0.49 kg, p 0.135). Variations at an individual level, i.e. 95% limits of agreement, were 3.3 kg for all participants, 2.8 kg for women and 3.2 kg for men. These results imply that elastic resistance could be used to evaluate shoulder fl exion strength in both older men and women. However, thevariation on an individual level and the lower agreement among women is important to consider.
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