| 1. |
- Alakukku, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Maatalouden ympäristötuen vaikuttavuuden seurantatutkimus (MYTVAS 3) : loppuraportti
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since 1995, agri-environmental support partly funded by the EU has formed the core of Finland’s agri-environmental policy. This system has had a variety of impacts on the relationship between agriculture and the environment. Today’s agri-environmental support is one of the packages included in the Rural Development Programme for Mainland Finland (2007–2013/2014), which both in itself and through the underlying EU legislation requires monitoring of the impacts of the measures implemented. The study monitoring the impact of the 2nd Finnish agri-environmental scheme (MYTVAS 3), which ran from 2008 to 2013, forms part of this monitoring. The MYTVAS 3 monitoring study was also financed by the Ministry of the Environment. The monitoring study was carried out by a consortium coordinated by MTT Agrifood Research Finland and including the Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), the University of Helsinki, the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute and the University of Turku.The purpose of the MYTVAS 3 monitoring study was to find out how agri-environmental support and its various measures have affected the state of the environment in agricultural areas, how agri-environmental support has affected the potential for farming and how agri-environmental support should be developed to increase its impact. The monitoring focused on the impacts of agri-environmental support on the nutrient load from agriculture on the waterways and on biodiversity. When evaluating the findings presented, we should remember that while monitoring data shows that something happened, it does not necessarily explain what caused it. It is not always possible to show that particular developments were a specific outcome of the current agri-environmental support system and the implementation of its measures. The delay between a measure and its observed impact is often long, and the cause-and-effect relationships are complicated and partly unknown. Also, other agricultural policy and fluctuations on the market may affect the state of the agricultural environment directly or indirectly.The monitoring data show that agri-environmental support has not had a detrimental impact on the potential for farming. Despite a slight increase in the incidence of weeds, they do not cause problems of the kind that would require amendments to the content of agri-environmental measures. Carbon levels in the surface stratum of arable land seems to be continuing their slow decline, and there is still need for measures to preserve organic material in the soil.Compliance with the fertilisation limits in the agri-environmental support system would seem to have had very little impact on crop quality. Variations in the weight and protein content per hectolitre and per 1,000 seeds were of the same order between 2006 and 2012 as they were between 1995 and 2005. Crop quantities have also not been noticeably affected by compliance with the fertilisation limits. Average crop yields remained stable between 1986 and 2013, and no clearly different crop years were observed in the 2000s. It is possible, however, that the lower fertilisation levels could have lowered crop potential in the years with advantageous weather conditions in the 2000s and that protein contents have been lower in advantageous years.The monitoring data also show that the nutrient load potential of agriculture, measured by nutrient balances, has decreased continuously for nitrogen and particularly for phosphorus. The decrease in the nutrient load potential is due above all to a decrease in the use of synthetic fertilisers. The decline in nitrogen fertilisation has bottomed out in recent years, and low protein levels measured in high crop yield years show that there is no point in further reducing nitrogen fertilisation. Optimising nitrogen fertilisation according to how advantageous the growing season is and effectively using the soluble nitrogen in cattle manure are key measures in achieving reasonable nitrogen balances and good crop quality despite fluctuations in growing season conditions. New crop variants have been found to make more efficient use of nitrogen than old ones, and thus the introduction of new variants should be promoted. Despite the decrease in the nutrient balances, there are indications that nutrient loads in runoff water from domestic animal production sites are becoming an increasing problem. Indeed, the fundamental problem with the nutrient load from agriculture is the diversification of livestock farming and crop farming, which has made it more difficult to use nutrients appropriately. Therefore attention must be paid to measures that both boost the use of nutrients in manure and reduce the levels of nutrients that end up in manure. Based on nutrient load monitoring in the catchment areas of rivers, the phosphorus load per hectare of cropland has decreased in each programme period, being about 80% of the level of the first period (1995–1999) in the third period (2007–2013). Because of the increase in the area of cropland, the nitrogen load on waterways from agriculture continued to grow during the second programme period (2000–2006) but peaked in the third (2007–2013). A similar trend was found in the nitrogen load per hectare of cropland.The most important threat to biodiversity is caused by the development of landscape structure, typically involving a decrease in the number of open or half-open areas excluded from actual cultivation. The consequence of the clearing of margins and ecological islands located in crop fields, drainage measures aimed at increasing arable land and all rationalisation of cultivated areas is the diminishing of exactly those areas that are the most important from the perspective of the biodiversity of the agricultural environment. However, the measure-specific findings in the monitoring study show that biodiversity benefits have been locally achieved where measures have been implemented on a broad enough scale (biodynamic farming, traditional biotopes, wetlands, buffer zones, green fallow / nature management areas). Particular care should therefore be taken that all cultivated land continues to have a sufficient percentage of non-cultivated areas, whether they be natural meadows, nature management areas, biodiversity strips, buffer zones, filter strips, headlands, ecological islands, etc. Including the rather popular nature management areas as a new voluntary measure under basic measures was a significant contribution to biodiversity.Regarding the rural landscape, it may be noted that by visual inspection the area of cropland has remained largely unchanged, at the level of the landscape as a whole it is far more common for the landscape to become more closed than to become more open. This trend was also observed in the visual inspection of traditional biotopes, even if the openness of the meadows monitored largely remained unchanged.The only measures that directly address the reduction of gaseous emissions in the agri-environmental support system are the longterm grass cultivation on peat fields and special aid agreements for slurry injection in cropland. While other measures have indirectly affected gaseous emissions, the impact of agri-environmental support as a whole on reducing gaseous emissions from agriculture has been negligible. In general, we may conclude that the goals, content and support levels of agri-environmental support measures must be increasingly adapted and customised by region, by type of farming and by farm, because both the state of the agricultural environment and the needs of society differ greatly between different types of rural area.
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| 2. |
- Derhamy, Hasan
(författare)
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Architectural Design Principles For Industrial Internet of Things
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As society has progressed through periods of evolution and revolution, technology hasplayed a key role as an enabler. In the same manner that mechanical machines of the1800’s drove the industrial revolution, now digitalized machines are driving another one.With this recognition of a fourth industrial revolution, the Industry 4.0 initiative wasfounded. One of the drivers of Industry 4.0 is the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).The IIoT is a consequence of widely present computing ubiquity and interconnected-ness. Software has become a crucial tool of almost all industries from bakeries and arts to manufacturing facilities and banking. Programming is now a required competenceand used by a variety of professions. It is not only about algorithm development, it has become more about engineering and integrating existing designs and tools. This impacts the way software is architected and drives a large body of research in the area.Software solutions are becoming more distributed, not only over multiple processes, but over heterogeneous hardware and business domains. Computing platforms could bemobile or geographically separated over large distances, exposing the solutions to network disturbances, performance degradation and security vulnerabilities.Hence, IIoT introduces complexity on a scale previously unseen in the software in-dustry. Software architecture must accommodate these heterogeneous domains and com-petencies and handle the increasing levels of complexity.This thesis proposes an architectural style for designing IIoT software architectures.The popular Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) style is not sufficient to define a com-plete architecture for IIoT applications. SOA fundamental principles are defined as loose coupling, lookup and late binding. The proposed architecture style extends these SOA principles with autonomy, specialization, data at its source and first person perspective. It preserves the benefits of SOA that models functionalities as reusable services with standardized interfaces. Thus, the proposed style helps to capture the heterogeneity of IIoT (e.g. systems, capabilities, domains, competencies etc.), while handling challenges imposed by it. The style also captures resource constraints of IIoT platforms; distri-bution of application logic across IIoT; dependence between services within IIoT; and presentation of the solution in various stakeholder perspectives.The IIoT generates large amounts of data that is subsequently stored, analysed, archived and eventually fed back into the product life cycle. Centralization of data has well known challenges. This thesis proposes a method of information extraction based on the principle of data at its source. Such data preserves implicit context, reducing the burden of semantic data within the system. Desired information is expressed through dynamic (runtime) queries. Using the queries, a path is created to retrieve the requested data. It alleviates the need for data to be stored in intermediary nodes; data remains atthe source. Thus, IIoT applications extract information and present it to requesting sys-tems without redundant source related context. This helps with issues of data ownership, access control and stale data.Another IIoT challenge tackled in this work is decentralization of Manufacturing Execution System (MES). It is motivated by a need to mitigate the impact of vulnerable shared networks on the factory floor; and by business requirements to reduce dependence on local factory infrastructure. This thesis explores a solution where functions of MES are distributed to the workstations that enables them to operate autonomously. Such autonomous workstations utilize the proposed Intelligent Product, Workflow Managerand Workflow Executor systems. Thus, MES can be decentralized to edge nodes as envisioned by Industry 4.0.
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| 3. |
- Lehtinen, Matti, et al.
(författare)
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Human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy against invasive, HPV-positive cancers : Population-based follow-up of a cluster-randomised trial
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 11:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination protects against HPV, a necessary risk factor for cervical cancer. We now report results from population-based follow-up of randomised cohorts that vaccination provides HPV-type-specific protection against invasive cancer. Methods Individually and/or cluster randomised cohorts of HPV-vaccinated and non-vaccinated women were enrolled in 2002-2005. HPV vaccine cohorts comprised originally 16-17 year-old HPV 16/18-vaccinated PATRICIA (NCT00122681) and 012 trial (NCT00169494) participants (2465) and HPV6/11/16/18-vaccinated FUTURE II (NCT00092534) participants (866). Altogether, 3341 vaccines were followed by the Finnish Cancer Registry in the same way as 16 526 non-HPV-vaccinated controls. The control cohort stemmed from 15 665 originally 18-19 years-old women enrolled in 2003 (6499) or 2005 (9166) and 861 placebo recipients of the FUTURE II trial. The follow-up started 6 months after the clinical trials in 2007 and 2009 and ended in 2019. It was age aligned for the cohorts. Findings During a follow-up time of up to 11 years, we identified 17 HPV-positive invasive cancer cases (14 cervical cancers, 1 vaginal cancer, 1 vulvar cancer and 1 tongue cancer) in the non-HPV-vaccinated cohorts and no cases in the HPV-vaccinated cohorts. HPV typing of diagnostic tumour blocks found HPV16 in nine cervical cancer cases, HPV18, HPV33 and HPV52 each in two cases and HPV45 in one cervical cancer case. The vaginal, vulvar and tongue cancer cases were, respectively, positive for HPV16, HPV52/66 and HPV213. Intention-to-treat vaccine efficacy against all HPV-positive cancers was 100% (95% CI 2 to 100, p<0.05). Interpretation Vaccination is effective against invasive HPV-positive cancer. Trial registration number NCT00122681, Post-results; NCT00169494, Post-results; NCT00092534, Post-results.
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| 4. |
- Nilsson, Jacob
(författare)
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Machine Learning Concepts for Service Data Interoperability
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Industrial automation is transforming by ongoing digitalization efforts to create a flexible industrial internet of things, turning manufacturing facilities into large-scale systems of cyber-physical systems. This development requires addressing the challenging issue of making heterogeneous systems, data models, and standards interoperable, a core problem in designing sustainable service-oriented automation frameworks. This thesis reviews the problem of automatically establishing the interoperability of services exchanging heterogeneous message data. A machine-learning architecture is developed, where the optimization of message transcoders and the system of systems utility are mechanisms for establishing interoperability. By optimizing the transcoders using both service- and metadata, the aim is to ground the learned latent representations in the physical environment to improve generalization. Two physical simulation experiments were performed to investigate and evaluate the architecture by generating heterogeneous JSON messages from multiple heating and air conditioning services. The first experiment focuses on unsupervised learning via back-translation for transcoding engineered features of service messages, reaching a maximum translation accuracy of 49%. The second experiment focuses on supervised learning and a modular neural network (JSON2Vec) for automated encoding of the heterogeneous JSON messages, which enables correct message interpretation in terms of the expected system of systems behavior. These results suggest that machine learning is a viable direction in interoperability automation research which can benefit from both symbolic metadata and message data for reliable generalization and adaptation. Appropriate open datasets are required to consolidate the envisioned development and the migration of solutions to automation systems.
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| 5. |
- Niskanen, Ilpo, et al.
(författare)
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Determining the complex refractive index of cellulose nanocrystals by combination of Beer-Lambert and immersion matching methods
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4073 .- 1879-1352. ; 235, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nanocelluloses have received significant interest due to their unique structural, mechanical, and optical properties. Nanocellulose refractive indices can be used to indicate many crucial characteristics, such as crystallinity, transparency, and purity. Thus, accurate measurement is important. This study describes a new method to determine the wavelength dependent complex refractive index of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by the measurement of light transmittance with a spectrophotometer. The data analysis is based on a combination of the Beer-Lambert and immersion liquid matching equations. The immersion liquid method's main advantage is that it is independent of particle shape and size. Moreover, the measurement is easy and relatively quick to perform. The present procedure is not restricted to the nanocellulose and could potentially be applied to other nanomaterials, such as hyphenate nanoparticle-based, lignin nanoparticles, nanopigments, biological entities, structural elements of dielectric metamaterials, and nanoparticle-based composites.
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| 6. |
- Olofsson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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The InPro Lifecycle Design Framework for Buildings
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- On average, by the time 1% of project costs are spent, roughly 70% of the lifecycle costof the building has been committed indicating that benefits of integration are largest inthe early phases of a project. The building shape, selected materials, structural system,internal room distribution, and building services systems are some of the most importantfactors that influence the costs of operation and upgrading throughout the lifecycle.The main goal of the InPro project is to shift focus from the detail design to the earlyphase where the majority of the decisions are taken that influence the total performanceof the building. Therefore, the work in task 2.4 has been aimed at developing an integratedformalized iterative lifecycle design where project goals can be matched againstkey performance indictors (KPI:s) in the design process. The methodology used is acombination of literature reviews; interviews with clients, contractors and energy consultants;the participants own experience; workshops and project meetings within theInPro consortium and the development of demonstration scenarios.The building life cycle treated in this report has been limited to the early design includingmainly the operational aspects on costs and environment. The effect of repair, replacementand demolishing has not been treated.The result of task 2.4 is the InPro life cycle design framework consisting of: The InPro Smart decision making where project goals and functional needs aremapped to building performance requirements. The InPro stage/gate design where the information maturity is adapted to theproject specific decision making process. The InPro lifecycle maturity levels to guide the project management using theInPro design framework. Change management procedures are applied on approvedmaturity levels in the Open Information Platform (OIP). The InPro workflow process between two decision quality gates containing performancerequirement processing, developing a design strategy, concurrentdesign and analysis process and information quality assurance.The InPro early design framework is demonstrated in three design scenarios with focuson energy performance, environmental assessment and operation.The following recommendations are made regarding the investigated life cycle aspect: Analysis of energy and indoor climate related KPI:s and comparison with performancerequirements can be made when the OIP maturity is such that indoorclimate simulation is possible to perform on room level. Energy performance analyses should be conducted before the structural andHVAC system design is finalized since the result will guide the structural andbuilding service designer in the selection of structural system, the buildingshell and the HVAC system. Training and commitment of the end users are also needed to motivate changetowards a more sustainability and energy saving behaviour of the users byproviding feedback and user-friendly control of building installations. The procedure for environmental evaluation is based on the LCA method andcomplemented with a check of the occurrence of hazardous chemical substances. Requirements on environmental performance should be clearly defined foreach project with respect to the client’s values.Report – The InPro Lifecycle Design Framework for Buildings ■ January 2010 6/164 Objects in the models need to be complemented with information that can belinked to cost information in building parts libraries to speed-up the cost estimationsprocess. However, the model based cost estimation covers only a partof the total Life Cycle Cost and need to be complemented with other investmentsand operational aspects not directly linked to the models.The following important actors/roles/competences have been identified in the earlystages of the InPro Life Cycle design framework: It is recommended that the client is actively involved not only via briefing sessionand decision-making at decision making quality gates, but also in the designthrough the open information platform giving access to monitor and interactdirectly with the design team throughout the design process. Energy and environmental analyst should actively take part in the design process,given the opportunity to affect the building design in the early phases of aproject. This will guide architects, structural engineers and HVAC designers ina more sustainable direction. The Facility and Maintenance specialist plays an important role bridging thegap between design and construction and operations. Their knowledge and experienceprovide valuable contribution in the early design process of a buildingslife cycle performance. A new role as project information manager is proposed handling model aggregationand the quality assurance of the information stored in the OIP. In a shared information environment like InPro the responsible and risk involvedwith quantity surveying must be resolved. It is suggested that onerole/actor is dedicated to the responsibility of quantity surveying and to updatequantities in the OIP when new design models are created or changed. Towork well, the risk as well as the quantity information needs to be sharedamong project participants.Regarding the implementation of the InPro Life Cycle framework the following steps arerecommended: The visualisation step: The participating organisation need to be trained inmodel based working routines where different design disciplines 3D models areaggregated in digital mock-ups. Gains in clarification of project objectives forstakeholders and resolving of coordination issues between different design disciplinescan justify the relative inexpensive investments made on project level. The integration step rely on computer based methods to exchange data amongdifferent modelling and analysis application either using standard formats suchas IFC (International Foundation Classes) or propriety formats. Lessons fromthe manufacturing domain has shown that an integrated concurrent engineeringdesign process need to be stage/gated and supported by central repositoryof shared information under change management control. The integration stepwill be more expensive to implement and requires long term relations betweenparticipating organisations (over several projects).
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| 7. |
- Sormunen, Piia, et al.
(författare)
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Capturing stakeholder values : Stakeholder values, stakeholder preferences and requirements for the life cycle design process
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of Task 2.3 was to create a framework for capturing the values of different stakeholders over the life cycle of a building. The framework should work as a method for capturing goals and preferences of all stakeholders and add value to the client and constructor as well as to the society and citizens. Another goal was to create a list of value groups, values, requirements and parameters to serve as a checklist for value mapping in a design project. The framework acts as an incentive for model-based working to enable evaluation of design performance and open collaboration between all stakeholders. It presents a process during which the needs and preferences that add value to society/citizens, clients/users, and the construction sector over the life cycle of a building are captured. These stakeholder values for a facility and process are translated into requirements and attributes for the specific business case to give a clear set of design targets for the life cycle design process. In the purposes of this task, briefing is proposed as the main procedure for identifying and capturing stakeholder values. Briefing is the process in which the client’s needs, wishes and ambitions are identified, expressed and clarified in the building process. The briefing process is an integral part of the design process. It is iterative and moves from the general to the particular. Strategic briefing deals with the business case, stakeholders and project goals. Operational briefing concerns functional requirements derived from the strategic briefing. Technical briefing specifies in technical terms the consequences of the functional requirements. The briefing methods and its tools must support a top-down systems approach. The Concurrent Design Method, originally a space-born design methodology developed and used by the European Space Agency (ESA), is chosen to support the briefing process of the framework. This method ensures collaborative work where the various stakeholders interact and influence each other’s values and proposals when in sessions concurrently working on the same IT-based platform. The design work is done in collocated sessions with all stakeholders involved and present, creating an integrated design and enabling good communication and exchange of information between team members. The concurrent design method was applied by the task group in three one-day workshops with the Swedish Post head office in Stockholm as the case building. The sessions resulted in a list of all the value groups, values, requirements and parameters that were exchanged, discussed and added during the sessions. From this list, an exemplary list of value groups, values, requirements and parameters was created. This set of generalized values can be recommended to serve as a checklist for value mapping in further projects. The work in the concurrent design sessions is based on assumptions in the briefs and the results of the sessions are fed back into the briefs and can even affect the initial goals. The method was found to be very supportive for the briefing process. Because the method is iterative, it can successively contribute to a mutual, better understanding of the total project. The task group can therefore recommend it for application as a tool for briefing support. To test the created framework two studies were made: one to proof that the framework efficiently captures the stakeholder values and one to to demonstrate the detection of contradictory goals and values. The results of these studies are presented in Part 2 of this report. The work done in T2.3 is the first part of the global life cycle process, which goes from the capture of the client’s values to the evaluation of the performance of the project. The results of Task 2.3 will be further used in InPro Task 2.4 “Life Cycle Design Processes” and Task 1.3 “Key Performance Indicators”. Lists of requirements and parameters were delivered for the different life cycle processes (LCD) of InPro Task 2.4: energy performance, facility management & maintenance, enviReport – Capturing Stakeholder Values, Values, Preferences and Requirements ■ May 2009 5/45 ronmental performance & materials, cost management and project planning. These lists were placed in quality gates of different life cycle processes in order to verify and evaluate the implementation of the stakeholder values. Task 1.3 will use proposed parameters as performance indicators. The goal of the Deliverable D10 (An Evaluation Framework for Early Design based on Key Performance Indicators) is to detail the method to highlight the Key Performance Indicators, i.e. to classify and prioritise the more relevant parameters, in order to evaluate the performance of the design and of the building, and in order to compare the client’s expected requirements with the real life cycle processes. These KPI give common and reliable hypothesis, with which each actor can carry out its design, and which help taking decision with an accurate quality level to reach.
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