| 1. |
- Berntsson, Thore, 1947, et al.
(författare)
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Towards Sustainabel Oil Refinery - Pre-study for larger co-operation project
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this report, the Chalmers EnergiCentrum (CEC) presents the results of a pre-study commissioned by Preem relating to the effective production of future vehicle fuels.This pre-study was made up of three studies focusing on energy streamlining, the utilisation of waste heat and carbon-dioxide separation and biorefinement relating to the gasification and hydration of vegetable oils. One of the common starting points for these studies was the current situation at the Preem refineries in Göteborg and Lysekil from where the measurement data were obtained and analysed. The report summarises the knowledge situation based on current research in the individual technical fields. The results present some interesting future opportunities for developing the sustainable production of future vehicle fuels. The sections vary, as the areas that have been examined differ and the sections have been written by different people. The reports ends with some joint conclusions and a number of questions which could be included and answered in a more extensive future main study, as part of a developed research partnership between Preem and the Chalmers University of Technology. The preliminary results of this work were analysed with the client at workshops on 1 October and 29 November 2007. The report is written in English combined with an extensive summary in Swedish including a proposal on a future main study. The study was conducted by the Chalmers EnergiCentrum (CEC), in collaboration with a number of researchers in the CEC’s network. They included Thore Berntsson, Jessica Algehed, Erik Hektor and Lennart Persson Elmeroth, all from Heat and Power Technology, Börje Gevert, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tobias Richards, Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Filip Johnsson and Anders Lyngfelt, Energy Technology, and Per-Åke Franck and Anders Åsblad, CIT Industriell Energianalys AB. The client, Preem, was represented by Bengt Ahlén, Sören Eriksson, Johan Jervehed, Bertil Karlsson, Gunnar Olsson, Ulf Kuylenstierna, Stefan Nyström, Martin Sjöberg and Thomas Ögren. Tobias Richards was responsible for compiling the report and Bertil Pettersson was the project manager.
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| 2. |
- Hektor, Erik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon Dioxide Capture in the Pulp and Paper Industry
- 2005
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Ingår i: The 4th Nordic Minisymposium on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a pulp mill the energy conversion mainly takes place in a recovery boiler that is fuelled with black liquor. The recovery boiler is also part of the facility that regenerates the chemicals at the pulp mill. The purpose of this work is to investigate the technical performance and cost when capturing CO2 from the flue gases from the recovery boiler. In order to broaden the analysis different supplementary fuels have been used to satisfy the increased energy demand due to the CO2 capture. The aim with the project is to evaluate whether or not capturing the CO2 from the exhaust gases in the recover boiler is a cost effective way of reducing the CO2 emissions.
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| 3. |
- Hektor, Erik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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CO2 capture from recovery boiler flue gases with biomass energy or heatpump
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Earlier work has shown that capturing CO2 from pulp mills can be a cost effective way of reducing mill CO2 emissions. In this paper it is investigated if the cost efficiency is improved if one uses a BIGCC with fuel production or a heat pump to supply the extra energy needed for the capture process. Heat pump can be interesting alternative for CO2 capture in pulp mills and the evaluation shows results at the same levels as the most cost efficient alternatives in the previous studies. The study also shows that it is better to produce the fuel in stand-alone plants and use the waste heat for electricity production. Another conclusion is that with high CO2 prices CO2 capture can be a very lucrative investment.
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| 4. |
- Hektor, Erik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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CO2 Capture in Pulp and Paper Mills – Opportunities for Chilled Ammonia Absorption
- 2008
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Ingår i: PRES - 11th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction, 24 - 28 August 2008, Prague, Czech Republic. ; , s. 12-
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Capturing CO2 from flue gases using the chilled ammonia absorption process shows much promise due to the low energy demand for the regeneration of the absorbent. One of the key features in the original process is the high pressure in the regenerator. In this paper it is investigated how the pressure in the regenerator can be varied in order to facilitate the use of excess heat from the mill for the regeneration. However, a lower pressure causes an increase in the electricity consumption. Several configurations for both market pulp mills and integrated pulp and paper mills are investigated here. The effect on the fuel and electricity balance is examined and the avoidance cost is calculated for each configuration. The results show that in market pulp mills the use of excess heat does not lead to a reduction in avoidance cost, since the energy savings are compensated by the increase in electricity consumption. For the integrated pulp and paper mill configurations the integration is more advantageous. The avoidance cost can be reduced by up to 15-20 %.
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| 5. |
- Hektor, Erik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Future CO2 removal from pulp mills - Process integration consequences
- 2007
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Ingår i: Energy Conversion and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0196-8904. ; 48:11, s. 3025-3033
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earlier work has shown that capturing the CO2 from flue gases in the recovery boiler at a pulp mill can be a cost effective way of reducing mill CO2 emissions. However, the CO2 capture cost is very dependent on the fuel price. In this paper, the potential for reducing the need for external fuel and thereby the possibility to reduce the cost for capturing the CO2 is investigated. The reduction is achieved using thermal process integration. In alternative 1, the mill processes are integrated and a steam surplus made available for CO2 capture, but still there is a need for external fuel. In alternative 2, the integration is taken one step further, the reboiler is fed with MP steam, and the waste heat from the absorption unit is used for generation of LP steam needed at the mill. The avoidance costs are in both cases lower than before the process integration. The avoidance cost in alternative 1 varies between 25.4 and 30.7 EUR/tonne CO2 depending on the energy market parameters. For alternative 2, the cost varies between 22.5 and 27.2 EUR/tonne CO2. With tough CO2 reduction targets and corresponding high CO2 emission costs, the annual earnings can be substantial, 18.6 MEUR with alternative 1 and 21.2 MEUR with alternative 2.
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| 6. |
- Hektor, Erik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Future CO2 Removal From Pulp Mills - Process Integration Consequences
- 2006
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ECOS 2006, Aghia Pelagia, Crete, Greece, 12-14 July 2006. - 9608758416 ; 3, s. 1629-1636
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earlier work has shown that capturing the CO2 from flue gases in the recovery boiler at a pulp mill can be a cost effective way of reducing mill CO2 emissions. However, the CO2 capture cost is very dependent on the fuel price. In this paper, the potential for reducing the need for external fuel and thereby the possibility to reduce the cost for capturing the CO2 is investigated. The reduction is achieved using thermal process integration. In alternative 1, the mill processes are integrated and a steam surplus made available for CO2 capture, but still there is a need for external fuel. In alternative 2, the integration is taken one step further and the reboiler is fed with MP steam and the waste heat from the absorption unit is used for generation of LP steam needed at the mill. The avoidance costs are in both cases lower than before the process integration. The avoidance cost in alternative 1 varies between 25.4 and 30.7 EUR/tonne CO2 depending on the energy market parameters. For alternative 2, the cost varies between 22.5 and 27.2 EUR/tonne CO2. With tough CO2 reduction targets and corresponding high CO2 emission costs, the annual earnings can be substantial, 18.6 MEUR with alternative 1 and 21.2 MEUR with alternative 2.
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| 7. |
- Hektor, Erik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Med fokus på koldioxidproblematiken - Tre systemperspektiv på koldioxidavskiljning och flexibla mekanismer
- 2005
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Ingår i: Arbetsnotat Program Energisystem. - Linköping : Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för konstruktions- och produktionsteknik, Energisystem.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Arbetet är uppdelat i tre delar. De första två behandlar koldioxidavskiljning och lagring, CCS, varav den första främst är en intervjustudie som analyserar debatten om CCS i Sverige. Den andra är en ekonomisk utvärdering av CCS vid implementering i massabruk. Massabruken är för övrigt en av Sveriges största källor till koldioxidutsläpp. Den tredje och sista delen behandlar Kyotoprotokollets flexibla mekanismer, nämligen joint implementation, JI, och clean development mechanism, CDM, utifrån hypotesen att stora delar av de beräknade ekonomiska vinsterna kan komma att ätas upp på grund av transaktionskostnader.
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| 8. |
- Hektor, Erik, 1978
(författare)
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Post-Combustion CO2 Capture in Kraft Pulp Mills - Technical, Economic and System Aspects
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As a result of increasing concerns about climate change, there is considerable research and activities around CO2 capture and storage. In this thesis it is studied what role the pulp and paper industry can play in mitigating climate change through CO2 capture and storage. The technique evaluated here is post-combustion CO2 capture using chemical absorption. This technique is chosen since it does not require any rebuilding of the recovery boiler. Two different absorbents are used, mono-ethanolamine (MEA) and chilled ammonia.CO2 capture from flue gases leads to a considerable energy penalty for the regeneration of the absorbent. Therefore the main objective of this thesis is how to supply the extra energy demand needed for the CO2 capture. This energy supply can be divided into four main categories: producing more steam, creating excess steam at the mill, using excess heat from the mill and creating an energy combine. The studied configurations are evaluated by calculating the avoidance cost using different possible future energy market scenarios. The results show that an increasing degree of heat integration leads to a lower avoidance cost for the CO2. This is due to a lower demand for external fuel. The results also show that chilled ammonia has a better performance compared to MEA, due mainly to a lower heat demand for regeneration of the absorbent, smaller gas volume and thereby smaller equipment and lower investment cost. The chilled ammonia capture process also opens up for very interesting ways of heat integration with the mill. However, there are alternative uses of the excess heat and excess steam. Therefore extensive analyses must be performed in order to identify the best use. Results presented here show that under certain conditions CO2 capture can be the best use of energy excess for the mill. Under these conditions CO2 capture and storage can be very profitable for the pulp and paper mills.
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| 9. |
- Hektor, Erik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of Greenhouse Gases in Integrated Pulp and Paper Mills - Possibilities for CO2 Capture and Storage
- 2007
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Transactions. - 8890191546 ; 12:1, s. 145-150
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earlier work has shown that capturing the CO2 from flue gases in the recovery boiler at a market pulp mill can be a cost-effective way of reducing mill CO2 emissions. In this paper it is investigated if the same is valid for an integrated pulp and paper mill. Five configurations are compared, supplying the extra energy needed by a biofuel boiler, an NGCC, a heat pump or by reducing the steam demand at the mill in combination with a biofuel boiler or an NGCC. The configurations with the NGCC have the lowest avoidance costs.
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| 10. |
- Hektor, Erik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of greenhouse gases in integrated pulp and paper mills: possibilities for CO2 capture and storage
- 2009
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 11:1, s. 59-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earlier work has shown that capturing the CO2 from flue gases in the recovery boiler at a market pulp mill can be a cost-effective way of reducing mill CO2 emissions. In this paper, it is investigated whether the same is valid for an integrated pulp and paper mill. Five configurations are compared, supplying the extra energy needed by a biofuel boiler, an NGCC, a heat pump or by reducing the steam demand at the mill in combination with a biofuel boiler or an NGCC. The configurations have been evaluated with energy market scenarios and the avoidance cost has been calculated. The NGCC configurations have the lowest avoidance costs in all scenarios and they also have the advantage of liberating biofuel for use in other parts of society.
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