| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al.
(författare)
-
Dynamic kinematic responses of female volunteers in rear impacts and comparison to previous male volunteer tests
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 12:4, s. 347-357
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The objective was to quantify dynamic responses of 50th percentile females in rear impacts and compare to those from similar tests with males. The results will serve as a basis for future work with models, criteria, and safety systems.Methods: A rear impact sled test series with 8 female volunteers was performed at velocity changes of 5 and 7 km/h. The following dynamic response corridors were generated for the head, T1 (first thoracic vertebra) and head relative to T1: (1) accelerations in posterior-anterior direction, (2) horizontal and vertical displacements, (3) angular displacements for 6 females close to the 50th percentile in size. Additionally, the head-to-head restraint distance and contact time and neck injury criterion (NIC) were extracted from the data set. These data were compared to results from previously performed male volunteer tests, representing the 50th percentile male, in equivalent test conditions. T-tests were performed with the statistical significance level of.05 to quantify the significance of the parameter value differences for the males and females.Results: At 7 km/h, the females showed 29 percent earlier head-to-head restraint contact time (p =.0072); 27 percent shorter horizontal rearward head displacement (p =.0017); 36 percent narrower head extension angle (p =.0281); and 52 percent lower NIC value (p =.0239) than the males in previous tests. This was mainly due to 35 percent shorter initial head-to-head restraint distance for the females (p =.0125). The peak head acceleration in the posterior-anterior direction was higher and occurred earlier for the females.Conclusions: The overall result indicated differences in the dynamic response for the female and male volunteers. The results could be used in developing and evaluating a mechanical and/or mathematical average-sized female dummy model for rear impact safety assessment. These models can be used as a tool in the design of protective systems and for further development and evaluation of injury criteria. © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
|
|
| 3. |
- Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al.
(författare)
-
Dynamic Responses of Female Volunteers in Rear Impact Sled Tests at Two Head Restraint Distances
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-4185. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to assess the biomechanical and kinematic responses of female volunteers with two different head restraint (HR) configurations when exposed to a low-speed rear loading environment. A series of rear impact sled tests comprising eight belted, near 50th percentile female volunteers, seated on a simplified laboratory seat, was performed with a mean sled acceleration of 2.1 g and a velocity change of 6.8 km/h. Each volunteer underwent two tests; the first test configuration, HR10, was performed at the initial HR distance ∼10 cm and the second test configuration, HR15, was performed at ∼15 cm. Time histories, peak values and their timing were derived from accelerometer data and video analysis, and response corridors were also generated. The results were separated into three different categories, HR10C (N = 8), HR15C (N = 6), and HR15NC (N= 2), based on: (1) the targeted initial HR distance [10 cm or 15 cm] and (2) whether the volunteers’ head had made contact with the HR [Contact (C) or No Contact (NC)] during the test event. The results in the three categories deviated significantly. The greatest differences were found for the average peak head angular displacements, ranging from 10° to 64°. Furthermore, the average neck injury criteria (NIC) value was 22% lower in HR10C (3.9 m2/s2), and 49% greater in HR15NC (7.4 m2/s2) in comparison to HR15C (5.0 m2/s2). This study supplies new data suitable for validation of mechanical or mathematical models of a 50th percentile female. A model of a 50th percentile female remains to be developed and is urgently required to complement the average male models to enhance equality in safety assessments. Hence, it is important that future protection systems are developed and evaluated with female properties taken into consideration too. It is likely that the HR15 test configuration is close to the limit for avoiding HR contact for this specific seat setup. Using both datasets (HR15C and HR15NC), each with its corresponding HR contact condition, will be possible in future dummy or model evaluation.
|
|
| 4. |
- Davidsson, Johan, 1967, et al.
(författare)
-
Human Volunteer Kinematics in Rear-End Sled Collisions
- 1998
-
Ingår i: Proceeding of the 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact. ; , s. 289-301
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of current projects are developing new crash test dummies for rear-end impact testing. The validation of such a dummy design requires human response data from pertinent test situations. The objectives of this study are to quantify human head, neck, chest, pelvis and femur mechanical response in a well defined test seat. Another aim is to see how the response varies with seat design and sled speed change during low-speed rear-end collisions. This data is intended to be used in the validation of the crash test dummy (BioRID I) in rear-end impact situations, with a focus on low delta V (velocity change) collisions. Thirteen human subjects were exposed to 28 rear-end collision sled impacts with velocity changes close to 5 and 7 krn/h respectively. The results showed vertical motion of the subjects' H-point caused by ramping up along the seat, a forward rotat ion of the subjects' femur and maybe a contraction of the subjects' gluteus muscles. A vertical motion of the subjects' torso and head was also observed. This motion was caused by a combination of ramping up along the seat back and the straightening of the thoracic kyphosis. In the first 100 ms after impact, several subjects flexed their head relative T1. These new data have proven to be useful as validation data for new rear-end impact dummies.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Gales, Nathalie, et al.
(författare)
-
Muscle pathologies after cervical spine distortion-like exposure-a porcine model
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-957X .- 1538-9588. ; 14:8, s. 828-834
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Histological evaluation of porcine posterior cervical muscles after a forceful translational and extensional head retractionsimulating high-speed rear end impact.Methods: Four anesthetized pigs were exposed to a cervical spine distortion (CSD)-like motion in a lying position. After 2 differentsurvival times of 4 and 6 h (posttrauma), the pigs were euthanized and tissue sampling of posterior cervical muscles was performed.A standard histological staining method involving paraffin-embedded sections was used to analyze the muscles, focusing on injurysigns like hemorrhage and inflammatory cell reaction. A pig that was not subjected to impact was used as a control pig and wassubjected to the same procedure to exclude any potential artifacts from the autopsy.Results: The differentiation of 8 different posterior neckmuscles in the dissection process was successful in more than 50 percent foreach muscle of interest. Staining and valid analysis was possible from all extracted samples. Muscle injuries to the deepest posteriorneck muscles could be found, especially in the musculus obliquus samples, which showed laminar bleedings in 4 out of 4 samples.In addition, in 4 out of 4 samples we were able to see increased cellular reactions. The splenius muscle also showed bleeding in all 4samples.All animals showed muscle injury signs in more than three quarters of analyzed neck muscles. Differences between survival timesof 4 and 6 h in terms of muscular injury were not of primary interest and could not be found.Conclusions: By simulating a CSD-like motion we were able to confirm injuries in the posterior cervical muscles under severeloading conditions.
|
|
| 7. |
- Linder, Astrid, et al.
(författare)
-
ADSEAT - Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 60, s. 334-343
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neck injuries sustained in low severity vehicle crashes are of worldwide concern and the risk is higher for females than for males. The objective of the study was to provide guidance on how to evaluate protective performance of vehicle seat designs aiming to reduce the incidence of neck injuries for female and male occupants. The objective was achieved by reviewing injury risk, establishing anthropometric data of an average female, performing dynamic volunteer tests comprising females and males, and developing a finite element model, EvaRID, of an average female. With respect to injury criteria, it was concluded based on the tests that using NIC (with a lower threshold value) and Nkm (with reduced intercept values) for females would be a suitable starting point. Virtual impact simulations with seats showed that differences were found in the response of the BioRID II and EvaRID models, for certain seats. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 8. |
- Linder, Astrid, 1959, et al.
(författare)
-
ADSEAT - Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0428. ; 48, s. 1907-1922
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neck injuries due to low severity vehicle crashes are of worldwide concern and the risk is higher for females than for males. The objective of ADSEAT is to provide guidance on how to evaluate the protective performance of vehicle seat designs aiming to reduce the incidence of neck injuries for female and male occupants. The main achievements are: reviewing injury risk, establishing anthropometric data of an average female, performing dynamic volunteer tests comprising females and males, developing a finite element model of an average female and performing sled tests with a scaled down male dummy.
|
|
| 9. |
- Lukinavicius, Grazvydas, et al.
(författare)
-
SiR-Hoechst is a far-red DNA stain for live-cell nanoscopy
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cell-permeable DNA stains are popular markers in live-cell imaging. Currently used DNA stains for live-cell imaging are either toxic, require illumination with blue light or are not compatible with super-resolution microscopy, thereby limiting their utility. Here we describe a far-red DNA stain, SiR-Hoechst, which displays minimal toxicity, is applicable in different cell types and tissues, and is compatible with super-resolution microscopy. The combination of these properties makes this probe a powerful tool for live-cell imaging.
|
|
| 10. |
- Svensson, Mats, 1960, et al.
(författare)
-
Final report EEVC European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee Ad-Hoc Group on Whiplash Injuries and EEVC WG12 Advanced Anthropometric Adult Crash Dummies
- 2002
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SummarySeveral proposals for a test procedure for neck injury protection assessment have beenpublished. A good deal of data are available to serve as a basis for the choice of; test set-up(e.g. full vehicle test, sled test), accident severity (delta-v, acceleration characteristic) andcrash dummy type.There is however a lack of information regarding the choice of a neck injury criterion and atolerance level. There are however promising activities under way, for instance in the ongoingEU-project "Whiplash II".The EEVC ad-hoc working group on whiplash injuries recommends that a new EEVC activityon rear impact is established. Although much research work has taken place there are stillsignificant gaps in the knowledge base, before a full regulatory test procedures can be fullyadopted. The ad-hoc group feels that a new EEVC activity would have an important role toplay in initiating and evaluating new research to fill these gaps.Future tasks for any new EEVC activity would include:a) Test proceduresb) Test devices (crash dummies).c) Assessment criteriad) Validation
|
|
