| 1. |
- Ronquist, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Completing Linnaeus’s inventory of the Swedish insect fauna: only 5,000 species left?
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 15:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite more than 250 years of taxonomic research, we still have only a vague idea about the true size and composition of the faunas and floras of the planet. Many biodiversity inventories provide limited insight because they focus on a small taxonomic subsample or a tiny geographic area. Here, we report on the size and composition of the Swedish insect fauna, thought to represent roughly half of the diversity of multicellular life in one of the largest European countries. Our results are based on more than a decade of data from the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative and its massive inventory of the country’s insect fauna, the Swedish Malaise Trap Project The fauna is considered one of the best known in the world, but the initiative has nevertheless revealed a surprising amount of hidden diversity: more than 3,000 new species (301 new to science) have been documented so far. Here, we use three independent methods to analyze the true size and composition of the fauna at the family or subfamily level: (1) assessments by experts who have been working on the most poorly known groups in the fauna; (2) estimates based on the proportion of new species discovered in the Malaise trap inventory; and (3) extrapolations based on species abundance and incidence data from the inventory. For the last method, we develop a new estimator, the combined non-parametric estimator, which we show is less sensitive to poor coverage of the species pool than other popular estimators. The three methods converge on similar estimates of the size and composition of the fauna, suggesting that it comprises around 33,000 species. Of those, 8,600 (26%) were unknown at the start of the inventory and 5,000 (15%) still await discovery. We analyze the taxonomic and ecological composition of the estimated fauna, and show that most of the new species belong to Hymenoptera and Diptera groups that are decomposers or parasitoids. Thus, current knowledge of the Swedish insect fauna is strongly biased taxonomically and ecologically, and we show that similar but even stronger biases have distorted our understanding of the fauna in the past. We analyze latitudinal gradients in the size and composition of known European insect faunas and show that several of the patterns contradict the Swedish data, presumably due to similar knowledge biases. Addressing these biases is critical in understanding insect biomes and the ecosystem services they provide. Our results emphasize the need to broaden the taxonomic scope of current insect monitoring efforts, a task that is all the more urgent as recent studies indicate a possible worldwide decline in insect faunas.
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| 2. |
- Hambäck, Peter A., et al.
(författare)
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Insekter och spindlar i anlagda våtmarker : Intressanta fynd från en systematisk undersökning i Uppland och södra Halland
- 2022
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Ingår i: Entomologisk tidskrift. - 0013-886X. ; 143:1-2, s. 47-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wetland area has decreased dramatically compared with preindustrial times, and in manyagricultural areas almost all wetlands have been drained to gain cropland. The trend hasin recent years been reversed because society has realized the many benefits of wetlandfunctions, such as for nutrient retention and flood control. In this study we inventoried 75 wetlands in Uppland and Halland for insects and spiders with Malaise traps, pitfall traps andsuction sampling. Most included wetlands are constructed, because the main purpose was toexamine if these wetlands also can be good for arthropod diversity, but we also included somemore natural wetlands as comparison. In total, we identified more than 25,000 individualsof more than 900 species of Coleoptera, Araneae, Diptera and Heteroptera. We found onenew species for Sweden, Hilara manicata Meigen 1822, and 37 new regional records. Alarge number of species found are considered threatened or else rare. Some wetlands closeto Mälaren were particularly interesting, with three species (Hypsosinga heri (Hahn 1831),Rhaphium antennatum (Charlier 1835) and Bagous robustus Brisout de Barneville 1863)that have no records nearby during recent times. These and other species found in the studyshow that constructed wetlands can provide good habitats for arthropod biodiversity andrare species, particularly if wetland shores are grazed and trampled by cattle.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Hellqvist, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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Oviposition and flight period of the currant shoot borer Lampronia capitella
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0931-2048 .- 1439-0418. ; 130:9-10, s. 491-494
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The currant shoot borer, Lampronia capitella (Lep., Prodoxidae), is an important pest of currants, Ribes spp., in northern Europe. Oviposition was studied in cage experiments and the flight period was monitored in field studies using pheromone-baited traps. Blackcurrant, Ribes nigrum, was the host species in both studies. The total egg supply of females was on average 107 eggs and oviposition started 2-5 days after emergence. About 60% of the eggs were laid during the first day of the oviposition period. Eggs were laid in currant fruitlets, in batches comprising several, usually four to seven eggs. The flight period started shortly after the end of the flowering period of blackcurrant, and lasted for about 3 weeks.
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| 5. |
- Hellqvist, Sven, et al.
(författare)
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Vinbärsgallkvalster
- 2009
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Ingår i: Faktablad om växtskydd. Trädgård. - 0281-8566.
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Vinbärsgallkvalstret ( Cecidophyopsis ribis) angriper svarta vinbär. Detta gallkvalster förekommer över hela landet och är det allvarligaste skadedjuret på odlade svarta vinbär. Angrepp av gallkvalster kan reducera skörden dels genom kvalstrens egna skador, dels genom att de sprider en virussjukdom som medför att buskarna blir sterila. Ä ven röda vinbär kan angripas av gallkvalster. Det handlar om ett ett närbesläktat gallkvalster, C. selachodon. Endast några enstaka fall har hittills rapporterats från Sverige.
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| 6. |
- Johannes, Bergsten, et al.
(författare)
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Myror och andra gaddsteklar i området kring Övre Tälningsån,Hälsingland
- 2001
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sammanställning från norrlands Entomologiska Förenings inventeringsläger vid Övre Tälningsån i sydvästra Hälsingland. Inventering av myror och andra gaddsteklar.21 arter av myror, 17 olika steklar,10 getingar samt 14 arter av bin återfanns.
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| 7. |
- Löfstedt, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of the sex pheromone of the currant shoot borer, Lampronia capitella
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - 1573-1561. ; 30:3, s. 643-658
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Under an artificial light: dark cycle, females of Lampronia capitella were observed calling, with extended terminal abdominal segments, during the first 2 hr of the photoperiod. Extracts of terminal abdominal segments from females elicited large electroantennographic responses from male antennae. Gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection revealed three active peaks. Based on comparison of retention times and mass spectra of synthetic standards, these compounds were identified as (Z;Z)-9,11-tetradecadienol and the corresponding acetate and aldehyde. The electroantennographic activity of the four geometric isomers of all three compounds was investigated, and the respective (Z,Z)-isomer was found to be the most active in all cases. Aldehydes generally elicited larger antennal responses than alcohols, whereas acetates were the least active compounds. A subtractive trapping assay in the field, based on a 13: 26: 100 1 g mixture of (Z,Z)-9,11-tetradecadienal, (Z,Z)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate, and (Z,Z)-9,11-tetradecadienol confirmed that all three compounds are pheromone components. Subtraction of (Z,Z)-9,11-tetradecadienol from the blend completely eliminated its attractiveness, whereas the other two-component blends showed reduced activity. This is the first pheromone identification from the monotrysian superfamily Incurvarioidea, confirming that the common pheromones among ditrysian moths (long-chain fatty acid derivatives comprising alcohols, acetates, and aldehydes with one or more double bonds) is not an autapomorphy of Ditrysia, but a synapomorphy of the more advanced heteroneuran lineages.
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| 8. |
- Nilsson, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparison of Species Richness and Traits of Riparian Plants between a Main River Channel and Its Tributaries
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of Ecology. - : JSTOR. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 82:2, s. 281-295
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Summary1 We examined differences in species richness and frequencies of vascular plants in the riverbank vegetation between the main channel of the Vindel River system and seven of its tributaries which spanned the same biogeographic range.2 Species richness per site was higher in the main channel than in the tributaries, both as a whole and for many species groups. The proportions of woody plants (phanerophytes and chamaephytes), geophytes, and natural species were higher in the tributaries, while the proportions of hemicryptophytes, ruderals, and short-floating species (i.e. species unable to float > 1 day) were higher in the main channel. Both types of river had species that were more than twice as frequent there than in the other category.3 The main channel had a high species richness at intermediate altitudes whereas the tributaries had least species at intermediate altitudes. Except for the highest altitudes, the tributaries also had a generally lower mean species richness than the main channel.4 Stepwise multiple regression analyses using 15 predictor variables explained stat- istically up to 85% of the floristic variation in the river system. Mean annual discharge and number of substrates explained most of the variation in five equations each, while peat cover explained most of the variation in four equations, and altitude and silt cover in one equation each. Mean annual discharge, peat cover and silt cover differed between the main channel and the tributaries and could therefore be responsible for the observed difference.
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| 9. |
- Svensson, Glenn P., et al.
(författare)
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Identification of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate as sex pheromone components of the currant pest Euhyponomeutoides albithoracellus
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Entomology. - 0931-2048. ; 147:5, s. 313-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The currant bud moth Euhyponomeutoides albithoracellus is a destructive pest in black currant orchards in Northern Sweden and Finland. The larvae feed on the buds, and at high densities, the species can cause severe yield losses. Sex pheromone components of the bud moth were identified via solvent extraction of excised female pheromone glands, analyses by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and field trapping experiments. Antennae of males responded strongly and consistently to two compounds in extracts, identified as (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate. Weaker and less consistent responses were observed to the corresponding alcohols, (E)-11-tetradecenol and (Z)-11-tetradecenol, and tetradecyl acetate. Field tests showed strong attraction of bud moth males to a 1:1 blend of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate. Adding the alcohols to the binary acetate blend reduced trap catches drastically, whereas tetradecyl acetate had no statistically significant impact on male attraction when added to that binary blend. Finally, testing different compositions of the binary acetate blend revealed highest catch in traps baited with a 25:75 or 50:50 ratio of the E:Z acetate isomers. The identification of sex pheromone components of the bud moth contributes to developing sustainable control of this pest via monitoring and mating disruption with sex pheromone.
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| 10. |
- Xiong, Shaojun, et al.
(författare)
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Calcium oxide as an additive for both conservation and improvement of the combustion properties of energy grass : A preliminary study
- 2017
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Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier. - 0961-9534 .- 1873-2909. ; 99, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Degradation of biomass is one of the major reasons for high costs of feedstock collection, transport, and storage, which is largely associated with biomass moisture and microbial activities. Our concept is to add calcium oxide (CaO) to the biomass already when it is collected and in its natural (wet) condition. When a suitable quantity of CaO is added to moistened biomass, an alkali microenvironment will be formed with a pH exceeding 9, based on the reaction CaO + H2O ↔ Ca(OH)2. As a consequence, microbial activities are largely inhibited. The Ca(OH)2 will then successively react with CO2, following the reaction Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ↔ CaCO3 + H2O. The CaCO3 will reside in the feedstock throughout the entire production chain and end up as an additive/sorbent to improve combustion by decreasing slagging. Two experiments were conducted and proved the concept works for at least reed canary grass, but, as expected, the strength of the effect was dependent on the CaO dosage and initial biomass moisture.
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