| 1. |
- Arguello, Gabriela, 1983, et al.
(author)
-
Regulation of ships at anchor: Safety and environmental implications
- 2022
-
In: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 140
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ships waiting at anchor are associated with considerable environmental pressures and impacts. Growing and congested anchoring areas are receiving increasing scholarly attention to understand the environmental effects caused by large sea-going ships anchoring in coastal waters. While there is a lack of studies addressing the entire spectrum of environmental pressures and impacts from ships at anchor, ranging from scouring of the seafloor, operational emissions and discharges and waste from maintenance carried out while at anchor, it is well established that anchoring is associated with such pressures. This article takes a problem-oriented approach since there are potential cumulative environmental impacts of ships waiting at anchor. From both a public and private law perspective, we examine the legal structures and challenges associated with the regulation of ships waiting at anchor. We also analyze the public and private law factors that may limit the ability to prevent harmful anchoring practices. Our examination shows that while coastal states have significant jurisdictional powers to regulate anchoring in coastal waters, the current international regulatory framework addresses anchoring incidentally and lacks mechanisms for considering the cumulative impacts of anchoring. Furthermore, the incentives for ships to spend a considerable amount of time at anchor appear to differ substantially across different types of charterparties. Improved regulation requires better scientific knowledge, substantial mapping of legal structures, and a stakeholder survey providing a basis for the exploration of potential contractual practices that may reduce market incentives for anchoring.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Igareda, Noelia, et al.
(author)
-
Map of the main political parties using hate speech against the “ideology of gender” through the social networks and internet in Europe.
- 2021
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A study of which content and source characteristics influence the acceptance of hate speech, which topics are more likely to be flagged, commented on, shared or liked by social-media-users than others, we conducted a choice-based conjoint analysis. A choice-based conjoint design allows us to analyze how important specific content characteristics are to users when they judge hate speech content and respond to it (cf. Wilhelm, Joeckel & Ziegler, 2020). We were particularly interested in the following aspects: Does it matter if a politician or an ordinary citizen spreads content? Is there a difference between a man and a woman spreading hate speech on social media? Does the type of hate speech affect users’ responses and if so, how do social media users react to agitation, defamation and rumors? And is it relevant whether the post already has many likes, comments and shares to respond to or not?
|
|
