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- Richter, Jan Hinnerk, et al.
(författare)
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Phase separation and charge localization in UHV-lithiated anatase TiO2 nanoparticles
- 2005
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. - 1098-0121. ; 71:23, s. 235419-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The insertion of lithium in anatase TiO2 nanoparticles under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions is studied using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant photoelectron spectroscopy (RPES) at the Ti L2,3 edge. It is demonstrated that XAS can be used to monitor the separation into an anatase phase and a lithium titanate phase of formal stoichiometry Li0.5TiO2. The initial state properties of the Ti 3d states of the lithium titanate phase are investigated using ab initio electronic structure calculations. The calculations show a correlation driven separation of Ti 3d states from the conduction band in agreement with previous studies. It is shown that Ti in different oxidation states (Ti3+ and Ti4+) is formed as a direct consequence of the electron-electron interaction. RPES and XAS spectra confirm the presence of electronically inequivalent Ti sites. The site-sensitivity of the RPES spectra at selected electron binding energies is found to be consistent with the calculations.
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| 4. |
- Semb, Gunvor, et al.
(författare)
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A Scandcleft randomised trials of primary surgery for unilateral cleft lip and palate: 1. Planning and management.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2000-656X .- 2000-6764. ; 51:1, s. 2-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Longstanding uncertainty surrounds the selection of surgical protocols for the closure of unilateral cleft lip and palate, and randomised trials have only rarely been performed. This paper is an introduction to three randomised trials of primary surgery for children born with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). It presents the protocol developed for the trials in CONSORT format, and describes the management structure that was developed to achieve the long-term engagement and commitment required to complete the project.METHOD: Ten established national or regional cleft centres participated. Lip and soft palate closure at 3-4 months, and hard palate closure at 12 months served as a common method in each trial. Trial 1 compared this with hard palate closure at 36 months. Trial 2 compared it with lip closure at 3-4 months and hard and soft palate closure at 12 months. Trial 3 compared it with lip and hard palate closure at 3-4 months and soft palate closure at 12 months. The primary outcomes were speech and dentofacial development, with a series of perioperative and longer-term secondary outcomes.RESULTS: Recruitment of 448 infants took place over a 9-year period, with 99.8% subsequent retention at 5 years.CONCLUSION: The series of reports that follow this introductory paper include comparisons at age 5 of surgical outcomes, speech outcomes, measures of dentofacial development and appearance, and parental satisfaction. The outcomes recorded and the numbers analysed for each outcome and time point are described in the series.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN29932826.
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- Westermark, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Determination of the electronic density of states at a nanostructured TiO2/Ru-dye/electrolyte interface by means of photoelectron spectroscopy
- 2002
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Ingår i: Chemical Physics. - 0301-0104 .- 1873-4421. ; 285:1, s. 157-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, photoelectron spectroscopy is used to measure the electronic density of states in the band gap region of a nanostructured TiO2 film. Such nanostructured films are used in dye-sensitized solar cells, and in this study a plain TiO2 film as well as a dye-sensitized film were examined. Further, to simulate the electrolyte effect on the energy levels at the oxide/dye/electrolyte interface in a solar cell, the density of states in the band gap region for an electrochemically prepared TiO2 film inserted with Li+ ions was measured. From the experimental findings we discuss the distribution and chemical nature of electron trap states in the band gap and the energy matching between the LUMO level of the adsorbed dye, cis-bis(4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine)-bis(isothiocyanato)ruthenium(II), and the TiO2 conduction band edge.
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- Alerstam, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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A polar system of intercontinental bird migration
- 2007
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Ingår i: Royal Society of London. Proceedings B. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 1471-2954. ; 274:1625, s. 2523-2530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies of birdmigration in the Beringia region of Alaska and eastern Siberia are of special interest for revealing the importance of bird migration between Eurasia and North America, for evaluating orientation principles used by the birds at polar latitudes and for understanding the evolutionary implications of intercontinental migratory connectivity among birds as well as their parasites. We used tracking radar placed onboard the ice-breaker Oden to register bird migratory flights from 30 July to 19 August 2005 and we encountered extensive birdmigration in the whole Beringia range from latitude 64 degrees N in Bering Strait up to latitude 75 degrees N far north of Wrangel Island, with eastward flights making up 79% of all track directions. The results from Beringia were used in combination with radar studies from the Arctic Ocean north of Siberia and in the Beaufort Sea to make a reconstruction of a major Siberian-American birdmigration system in a wide Arctic sector between longitudes 1108 E and 130 degrees W, spanning one-third of the entire circumpolar circle. This system was estimated to involve more than 2 million birds, mainly shorebirds, terns and skuas, flying across the Arctic Ocean at mean altitudes exceeding 1 km (maximum altitudes 3-5 km). Great circle orientation provided a significantly better fit with observed flight directions at 20 different sites and areas than constant geographical compass orientation. The long flights over the sea spanned 40-80 degrees of longitude, corresponding to distances and durations of 1400-2600 km and 26-48 hours, respectively. The birds continued from this eastward migration system over the Arctic Ocean into several different flyway systems at the American continents and the Pacific Ocean. Minimization of distances between tundra breeding sectors and northerly stopover sites, in combination with the Beringia glacial refugium and colonization history, seemed to be important for the evolution of this major polar bird migration system.
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| 8. |
- Alerstam, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Great-Circle Migration Of Arctic Passerines
- 2008
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Ingår i: The Auk. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0004-8038 .- 1938-4254. ; 125:4, s. 831-838
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Birds can save distance and time on their migratory journeys by following great circles rather than rhumblines, but great-circle routes require more complex orientation with changing courses. Flight directions at different places along the route and in relation to the destination can be used to test whether birds migrate along great circles or rhumblines. Such data have indicated great-circle migration among shorebirds at high latitudes, but no critical tests have been made for passerines. Using tracking radar on board the icebreaker Oden in August 2005, we recorded westerly flight directions of passerine migrants over the Chukchi Sea. The main sector of migratory directions was 237-311 degrees centered oil a mean heading direction of 274 degrees. The most likely species to participate in this westward trans-Beringia migration, mainly departing from Alaska, were Eastern Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla Ischutschensis), Arctic Warbler (Phylloscopus borealis kennicotti), Northern Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), and Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica); all except the Bluethroat were recorded from the ship. Observed flight directions agreed with predicted great-circle courses but not with rhumbline courses for three of these four species with winter quarters in Southeast Asia; no definite conclusion could be drawn for the Northern Wheatear (wintering in East Africa). These results support great-circle migration among passerines traveling between Alaska and Old World winter quarters, though the long-distance precision and orientation mechanisms are Still unknown. The relative importance of different evolutionary causes-such as circumvention of geographic barriers, retracing of ancient colonization ways, or distance reduction by great-circle migration-to complex bird migration routes with changing courses remains to be understood. Received 24 August 2007, accepted 6 March 2008.
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| 9. |
- Alriksson, Stina, 1971-
(författare)
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Environmental preferences among steel stakeholders
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Emissions of carbon dioxide, dioxins, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter as well as use of non-renewable resources and energy are some important sustainability challenges for the Swedish steel industry. Much effort has been made, mainly by technical solutions, which to a high degree have decreased the emissions during the last 30 years.Technical solutions however will not be sufficient to reach sustainable development, stakeholder involvement is also necessary. Stakeholder theory states that stakeholder involvement must include a dialog between the stakeholders involved and the operation. The first step in this process is to identify which key issues the stakeholders find most important and then the organisation needs to start interact with its stakeholders. This thesis deals with such issues.Stakeholder preferences for environmental issues were assessed with conjoint analysis, Q-methodology and focus group discussions. The theory of planned behaviour was used to assess how attitudes were connected to background factors and a potential pro-environmental behaviour.Five studies have been carried out in the framework of this thesis. The studies include: a literature review, method evaluation, evaluation of environmental objectives in stakeholder groups, screening of relevant factors, evaluation of steel environmental characteristics, identification of barriers to the introduction of new materials and the impact of worry and risk perception on strategic environmental decisions.It can be concluded that the methods applied in the studies work well in eliciting preferences. It has been possible to show how different stakeholder groups as well as individuals prioritise environmental objectives and sustainability issues. Since individuals within a stakeholder group vary considerably in preferences, the results from this thesis show the importance of illustrating results on an individual level instead of the traditional group level. Also, a method has been tested where the results were brought back to the respondents in order to stimulate discussions between different stakeholder groups.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Anna M, et al.
(författare)
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Electrochemically lithiated graphite characterised by photoelectron spectroscopy
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Power Sources. - 0378-7753 .- 1873-2755. ; 119-121, s. 522-527
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to study the depth profile of the solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on a graphite powder electrode in a Li-ion battery. The morphology of the SEI-layer, formed in a 1 M LiBF4 EC/DMC 2:1 solution, consists of a 900 Å porous layer of polymers (polyethylene oxide) and a 15–20 Å thin layer of Li2CO3 and LiBF4 reduction–decomposition products. Embedded LiF crystals as large as 0.2 μm were found in the polymer matrix. LiOH and Li2O are not major components on the surface but rather found as a consequence of sputter-related reactions. Monochromatised Al Kα XPS-analysis based on the calibration of Ar+ ion sputtering of model compounds combined with a depth profile analysis based on energy tuning of synchrotron XPS can describe the highly complex composition and morphology of the SEI-layer.
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