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- Alanio, Cécile, et al.
(författare)
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Bystander hyperactivation of preimmune CD8(+) T cells in chronic HCV patients
- 2015
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Ingår i: eLife. - 2050-084X. ; 2015:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chronic infection perturbs immune homeostasis. While prior studies have reported dysregulation of effector and memory cells, little is known about the effects on naïve T cell populations. We performed a cross-sectional study of chronic hepatitis C (cHCV) patients using tetramer-associated magnetic enrichment to study antigen-specific inexperienced CD8(+) T cells (i.e., tumor or unrelated virus-specific populations in tumor-free and sero-negative individuals). cHCV showed normal precursor frequencies, but increased proportions of memory-phenotype inexperienced cells, as compared to healthy donors or cured HCV patients. These observations could be explained by low surface expression of CD5, a negative regulator of TCR signaling. Accordingly, we demonstrated TCR hyperactivation and generation of potent CD8(+) T cell responses from the altered T cell repertoire of cHCV patients. In sum, we provide the first evidence that naïve CD8(+) T cells are dysregulated during cHCV infection, and establish a new mechanism of immune perturbation secondary to chronic infection.
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| 2. |
- Nariman, Farhad, et al.
(författare)
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Are Entrepreneurs Aware of Covered Interest Parity and Dollar Shortage?
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is demonstrating why entrepreneurs should monitor the broad dollar index. This paper explains the reason why the broad dollar index has become a risk (leverage) gauge since 2008 using the Covered Interest Parity (CIP). CIP can be viewed as a reflection of the shadow price of a bank’s balance sheet, which reflects how risky the situation is for a certain entrepreneur attempting to start a new venture. The importance of the link between banks and entrepreneurs has long been recognized. When the banking system is constrained, an entrepreneur should be informed. Entrepreneurs will be able to understand the circumstances in which they want to succeed more correctly if they are aware of the state of the banking system. Overall, the risk appetite of the banking system is critical for both traditional and export-oriented businesses. The VIX index (Chicago Board Options Exchange market volatility index) was once employed as a barometer of the banking system’s risk appetite, but things have changed since the great financial crisis and the index has been supplanted by the broad dollar index. Since 2008, the broad dollar index has been used as an indicator of a bank’s risk appetite. This paper provides entrepreneurs a handy index for assessing the economic conditions in which they choose to be entrepreneurs more accurately.
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