| 1. |
- Andersen, K. H., et al.
(author)
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Characteristic Sizes of Life in the Oceans, from Bacteria to Whales
- 2016
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In: Annual Review of Marine Science. - : Annual Reviews. - 1941-1405 .- 1941-0611. - 9780824345082 ; 8, s. 217-241
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The size of an individual organism is a key trait to characterize its physiology and feeding ecology. Size-based scaling laws may have a limited size range of validity or undergo a transition from one scaling exponent to another at some characteristic size. We collate and review data on size-based scaling laws for resource acquisition, mobility, sensory range, and progeny size for all pelagic marine life, from bacteria to whales. Further, we review and develop simple theoretical arguments for observed scaling laws and the characteristic sizes of a change or breakdown of power laws. We divide life in the ocean into seven major realms based on trophic strategy, physiology, and life history strategy. Such a categorization represents a move away from a taxonomically oriented description toward a trait-based description of life in the oceans. Finally, we discuss life forms that transgress the simple size-based rules and identify unanswered questions.
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| 2. |
- Heuschele, J., et al.
(author)
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The chemical ecology of copepods
- 2014
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In: Journal of Plankton Research. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0142-7873 .- 1464-3774. ; 36:4, s. 895-913
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An increasing number of studies show the importance of chemical interactions in the aquatic environment. Our understanding of the role of chemical cues and signals in larger crustaceans has advanced in the last decades. However, for copepods, the most abundant metazoan zooplankton and essential for the functioning of the marine food web, much is still unknown. We synthesize current knowledge about chemical ecology of copepods including foraging, survival and reproduction. We also compile information on the sensory apparatus and new analytical approaches that may facilitate the identification of signal molecules. The review illustrates the importance of chemical interactions in many aspects of copepod ecology and identifies gaps in our knowledge, such as the lack of identified infochemicals and electrophysiological studies to confirm the function of sensory structures. We suggest approaches that are likely to further our understanding of the role of chemical interactions in the pelagic ecosystem.
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| 3. |
- Heuschele, J., et al.
(author)
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The sex specific metabolic footprint of Oithona davisae
- 2016
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In: Journal of Sea Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-1101. ; 117, s. 1-6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In pelagic copepods, the group representing the highest animal abundances on earth, males and females have distinct morphological and behavioural differences. In several species female pheromones are known to facilitate the mate finding process, and copepod exudates induce changes in physiology and behaviour in several phytoplankton species. Here we tested whether the sexual dimorphism in morphology and behaviour is mirrored in the exudate composition of males and females. We find differences in the exudate composition, with females seemingly producing more compounds. While we were able to remove the sex pheromones from the water by filtration through reverse phase solid phase extraction columns, we were not able to recover the active pheromone from the solid phase. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
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| 4. |
- Selander, Erik, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Solid phase extraction and metabolic profiling of exudates from living copepods
- 2016
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In: Peerj. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Copepods are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats. They exude bioactive compounds that mediate mate finding or induce defensive traits in prey organisms. However, little is known about the chemical nature of the copepod exometabolome that contributes to the chemical landscape in pelagic habitats. Here we describe the development of a closed loop solid phase extraction setup that allows for extraction of exuded metabolites from live copepods. We captured exudates from male and female Temora longicornis and analyzed the content with high resolution LC-MS. Chemometric methods revealed 87 compounds that constitute a specific chemical pattern either qualitatively or quantitatively indicating copepod presence. The majority of the compounds were present in both female and male exudates, but nine compounds were mainly or exclusively present in female exudates and hence potential pheromone candidates. Copepodamide G, known to induce defensive responses in phytoplankton, was among the ten compounds of highest relative abundance in both male and female extracts. The presence of copepodamide G shows that the method can be used to capture and analyze chemical signals from living source organisms. We conclude that solid phase extraction in combination with metabolic profiling of exudates is a useful tool to develop our understanding of the chemical interplay between pelagic organisms.
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| 5. |
- Trapp, Aubrey, et al.
(author)
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Eavesdropping on plankton-can zooplankton monitoring improve forecasting of biotoxins from harmful algae blooms?
- 2021
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In: Limnology and Oceanography. - : Wiley. - 0024-3590 .- 1939-5590. ; 66:9, s. 3455-3471
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Harmful algae bloom (HAB) forecasting has developed rapidly over recent decades, but predicting harmful levels of marine biotoxins in shellfish is still a challenge. New discoveries suggest that predator-prey interactions may be an important driver in the formation of HABs. Key species of harmful algae respond to copepod infochemicals with increased toxin production. In addition, copepods feed selectively on less defended prey, which may further promote harmful taxa. Here we explore if eavesdropping on predator-prey dynamics by monitoring zooplankton can improve HAB forecasting. We first examine an 8-yr time series including copepod biomass, harmful algae cells (Dinophysis spp.), and diarrhetic shellfish toxins in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) using generalized additive models. Models including copepod biomass more accurately predicted okadaic acid in mussels than phytoplankton alone. We then apply this connection more narrowly by analyzing the specific copepod exudates known to induce toxin production, copepodamides, from the mussels sampled in biotoxin monitoring. Adding copepodamide data from shellfish extracts increased model performance compared to copepod biomass. Results suggest that including grazing effects through copepodamide measurements may provide a cost-efficient way to improve accuracy and lead time for predicting the accumulation of microalgal toxins in shellfish.
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