| 1. |
- Albinsson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Seroprevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus and vaccination coverage of tick-borne encephalitis, Sweden, 2018 to 2019
- 2024
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Ingår i: Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. - : European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC). - 1560-7917 .- 1025-496X. ; 29:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundIn Sweden, information on seroprevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in the population, including vaccination coverage and infection, is scattered. This is largely due to the absence of a national tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccination registry, scarcity of previous serological studies and use of serological methods not distinguishing between antibodies induced by vaccination and infection. Furthermore, the number of notified TBE cases in Sweden has continued to increase in recent years despite increased vaccination.AimThe aim was to estimate the TBEV seroprevalence in Sweden.MethodsIn 2018 and 2019, 2,700 serum samples from blood donors in nine Swedish regions were analysed using a serological method that can distinguish antibodies induced by vaccination from antibodies elicited by infection. The regions were chosen to reflect differences in notified TBE incidence.ResultsThe overall seroprevalence varied from 9.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.6-13.6%) to 64.0% (95% CI: 58.3-69.4%) between regions. The proportion of vaccinated individuals ranged from 8.7% (95% CI: 5.8-12.6) to 57.0% (95% CI: 51.2-62.6) and of infected from 1.0% (95% CI: 0.2-3.0) to 7.0% (95% CI: 4.5-10.7). Thus, more than 160,000 and 1,600,000 individuals could have been infected by TBEV and vaccinated against TBE, respectively. The mean manifestation index was 3.1%.ConclusionA difference was observed between low- and high-incidence TBE regions, on the overall TBEV seroprevalence and when separated into vaccinated and infected individuals. The estimated incidence and manifestation index argue that a large proportion of TBEV infections are not diagnosed.
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| 2. |
- Heydecke, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of the performance of a rapid antigen test (Roche) for COVID-19 diagnosis in an emergency setting in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 95:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, rapid and reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 is important to enable proper care of patients and to prevent further transmission. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Roche SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Test (Ag-RDT) in an emergency care setting during a high pandemic period. The analytical performance of the Ag-RDT was compared to real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). A total of 132 patient samples, previously analyzed with rRT-PCR, were reanalyzed with the Ag-RDT. Tenfold serial dilutions of five different patient strains containing the pangolin variants BA.1, BA.2, B.1.1.7, B.1.160, and B.1.177 were analyzed in parallel with the Ag-RDT and rRT-PCR. A clinical evaluation was performed in which 1911 consecutive patients admitted to the emergency wards in Region Gavleborg, Sweden, were included. Paired samples were collected and analyzed with the Ag-RDT on-site and with rRT-PCR at the microbiology laboratory. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the Ag-RDT in the clinical evaluation were 71.3% and 99.7%, respectively. When samples with cycle threshold (Ct) values above 30 were excluded, the sensitivity was 86.5%. Eleven of the admitted patients who were positive for both the Ag-RDT and rRT-PCR (Ct-range 16.9-30.4) showed no symptoms of COVID-19. Using the Ag-RDT shortened the detection time by an average of 11 h. The Ag-RDT is a useful tool for preliminary screening of SARS-CoV-2 because it enables rapid detection in infectious individuals and therefore, can counteract unnecessary spread of infection at an early stage.
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| 3. |
- Heydecke, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Human wound infections caused by Neisseria animaloris and Neisseria zoodegmatis, former CDC Group EF-4a and EF-4b.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8686. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Neisseria animaloris and Neisseria zoodegmatis, former CDC Group EF-4a and -4b, are considered to be rare zoonotic pathogens, usually associated with dog or cat bites. The aim of the study was to phenotypicaly characterize 13 EF-4 isolates from wound infections, determine their antibiotic susceptibility and to follow the clinical outcome of the patients.METHODS: 13 of the EF-4 isolates were cultured on agar plates. Conventional biochemical tests and the Biolog system were used for phenotypical identification. An arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) was carried out to determine the genetic profiles. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for different antibiotics were determined. According to this, clinical data for the patients were recorded.RESULTS: 11 isolates were identified as N. animaloris and 2 as N. zoodegmatis due to the production of arginine dihydrolase. A majority of the patients had a history of dog bite. In 6 cases only grewth of N. animaloris or zoodegmatis was registered. When a patient received antibiotic treatment the most common drug of choice was penicillin V. Only 3 patients received treatment for which the isolated EF-4 bacterium was fully susceptible.CONCLUSION: Human infections involving N. animaloris and N. zoodegmatis usually present themselves as local wound infection, but severe complications can occur. Despite their pathogenic potentia, l N. animaloris and N. zoodegmatis are often misidentified, dismissed as skin contaminants or not recognized at all. Due to the fact that N. animaloris and N. zoodegmatis are significant pathogens in animal bites, physicians should keep these bacteria in mind when choosing antibiotic therapy.
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| 4. |
- Heydecke, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Limitations in predicting reduced susceptibility to third generation cephalosporins in Escherichia coli based on whole genome sequence data
- 2023
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 18:11, s. e0295233-e0295233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prediction of antibiotic resistance from whole genome sequence (WGS) data has been proposed. However, the performance of WGS data analysis for this matter may be influenced by the resistance mechanism’s biology. This study compared traditional antimicrobial susceptibility testing with whole genome sequencing for identification of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in a collection of 419 Escherichia coli isolates. BLASTn-based prediction and read mapping with srst2 gave matching results, and in 381/419 (91%) isolates WGS was congruent with phenotypic testing. Incongruent results were grouped by potential explanations into biological-related and sequence analysis-related results. Biological-related explanations included weak ESBL-enzyme activity (n = 4), inconclusive phenotypic ESBL-testing (n = 4), potential loss of plasmid during subculturing (n = 7), and other resistance mechanisms than ESBL-enzymes (n = 2). Sequence analysis-related explanations were cut-off dependency for read depth (n = 5), too stringent (n = 3) and too loose cut-off for nucleotide identity and coverage (n = 13), respectively. The results reveal limitations of both traditional antibiotic susceptibility testing and sequence-based resistance prediction and highlight the need for evidence-based standards in sequence analysis.
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| 5. |
- Lytsy, Birgitta, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of Six Methods for Epidemiological Typing of Escherichia coli Producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase during a Suspected Outbreak
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During a suspected outbreak of Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) at Uppsala University Hospital 2005-2007, different typing methods were applied to examine their usefulness in a sharp situation. Included methods were antibiogram-based typing, PhenePlate (PhP) system, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), repetitive sequence-based (rep)-PCR (Diversilab), arbitrarily primed (AP)-PCR, and characterization of integrons. A PCR assay was used to define the O25b-ST131 clone, and nosocomial transmission was explored with a locally developed tracing tool. Of the 253 analyzed isolates, 70% harboured CTX-M group 1 enzymes and 19% CTX-X-M group 9 enzymes. Integrons with integrated gene cassettes were detected in 47% of the isolates and 77% were of class 1. One restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) type predominated (n=48), and it was in 40% of the cases associated with the O25b-ST131 clone. Fifty-five (22%) of all isolates were PCR positive for this clone, of which the PhP-system identified 49%. Fifty isolates were further analyzed. Most methods had difficulties with recognizing the O25b-ST131 clone. Rep-PCR identified 100%, PFGE 86%, AP-PCR 68%, PCR-RFLP of integrons 39% and antibiogram types 32% of the PCR positive isolates. Epidemiological data supported a nosocomial transmission in a limited number of cases, suggesting an endemic rather than an epidemic situation. In conclusion, the genetic complexity of ESBL-producing E. coli has become a challenge for any microbiology laboratory. Although the defining O25b-ST131 PCR assay was the most efficient method to identify this epidemic clone, PCR methods cannot be applied on genetically uncharacterized E. coli strains. To rely on a single epidemiological typing method to identify strains or mobile genetic elements with epidemic potential might be insufficient.
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| 6. |
- Sütterlin, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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Coresistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of One Health. - India. - 2455-8931. ; 6:2, s. 134-142
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Aim: Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) in Escherichia coli constitutes one of the major threats to modern medicine, and the increasing pollution with quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) has been suspected to contribute to the spread of ESBL-producing bacteria. The aim of the study was to investigate ESBLA and ESBLM-C-producing E. coli isolates for their coresistance to QACs and their phylogeny isolated from a Swedish University Hospital.Materials and Methods: Coresistance in E. coli with production of ESBL enzymes of the type blaCTX-M (n=23) was compared to E. coli producing AmpC type ESBL enzymes blaCMY and blaDHA (n=27). All isolates were tested for susceptibility to antibiotics and QACs, and high-quality whole-genome sequences were analyzed for resistance determinants.Results: The plasmid-borne small multidrug resistance (SMR) efflux pump sugE(p) was solely present in blaCMY-producing E. coli (n=9), within the same genetic environment blaCMY–blc–sugE(p). Other small multidrug efflux pumps were found without association for ESBL-types: emrE (n=5) and the truncated qacEΔ1 (n=18).Conclusion: Coresistance of ESBL enzymes and SMR efflux pumps in E. coli was common and might indicate that other substances than antibiotics contribute to the spread and emergence of antibiotic resistance.
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| 7. |
- Tast Lahti, Elina, et al.
(författare)
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One Health surveillance : A cross-sectoral detection, characterization, and notification of foodborne pathogens
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers In Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionSeveral Proficiency Test (PT) or External Quality Assessment (EQA) schemes are currently available for assessing the ability of laboratories to detect and characterize enteropathogenic bacteria, but they are usually targeting one sector, covering either public health, food safety or animal health. In addition to sector-specific PTs/EQAs for detection, cross-sectoral panels would be useful for assessment of the capacity to detect and characterize foodborne pathogens in a One Health (OH) perspective and further improving food safety and interpretation of cross-sectoral surveillance data. The aims of the study were to assess the cross-sectoral capability of European public health, animal health and food safety laboratories to detect, characterize and notify findings of the foodborne pathogens Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica, and to develop recommendations for future cross-sectoral PTs and EQAs within OH. The PT/EQA scheme developed within this study consisted of a test panel of five samples, designed to represent a theoretical outbreak scenario. MethodsA total of 15 laboratories from animal health, public health and food safety sectors were enrolled in eight countries: Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The laboratories analyzed the samples according to the methods used in the laboratory and reported the target organisms at species level, and if applicable, serovar for Salmonella and bioserotype for Yersinia. ResultsAll 15 laboratories analyzed the samples for Salmonella, 13 for Campylobacter and 11 for Yersinia. Analytical errors were predominately false negative results. One sample (S. Stockholm and Y. enterocolitica O:3/BT4) with lower concentrations of target organisms was especially challenging, resulting in six out of seven false negative results. These findings were associated with laboratories using smaller sample sizes and not using enrichment methods. Detection of Salmonella was most commonly mandatory to notify within the three sectors in the eight countries participating in the pilot whereas findings of Campylobacter and Y. enterocolitica were notifiable from human samples, but less commonly from animal and food samples. DiscussionThe results of the pilot PT/EQA conducted in this study confirmed the possibility to apply a cross-sectoral approach for assessment of the joint OH capacity to detect and characterize foodborne pathogens.
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