| 1. |
- Heyman, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Funding and research quality
- 2016
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Ingår i: RJ Yearbook 2015/2016. - : Makadamm Publishers. ; , s. 39-60
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Van Den Besselaar, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Do observations have any role in science policy studies? A reply
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Informetrics. - : Elsevier. - 1751-1577 .- 1875-5879. ; 11:3, s. 941-944
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Van den Besselaar et al. (2017) we tested the claim of Linda Butler (2003) that funding systems based on output counts have a negative effect on impact as well as quality. Using new data and improved indicators, we indeed reject the claim of Butler. The impact of Australian research improved after the introduction of such a system, and did not decline as Butler states. In their comments on our findings, Linda Butler, Jochen Gläser, Kaare Aagaard & Jesper Schneider, Ben Martin, and Diana Hicks put forward a lot of arguments, but do not dispute our basic finding: citation impact of Australian research went up, immediately after the output based performance system was introduced. It is important to test the findings of Butler about Australia – as these findings are part of the accepted knowledge in the field, heavily cited, often used in policy reports, but hardly confirmed in other studies. We found that the conclusions of Butler are wrong, and that many of the policy implications based on it simply are unfounded. In our study, we used better indicators, and a similar causality concept as our opponents. And our findings are independent of the exact timing of the policy intervention. Furthermore, our commenters have not addressed our main conclusions at all, and some even claim that observations do not really matter in the social sciences. We find this position problematic − why would the taxpayer fund science policy studies, if it is merely about opinions? Let’s take science seriously − including our own field Do observations have any role in science policy studies? A reply. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318312568_Do_observations_have_any_role_in_science_policy_studies_A_reply [accessed Sep 11, 2017].
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| 4. |
- Van Den Besselaar, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Perverse effects of output-based research funding? Butler's Australian case revisited
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Informetrics. - : Elsevier. - 1751-1577 .- 1875-5879. ; 11:3, s. 905-918
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- More than ten years ago, Linda Butler (2003a) published a well-cited article claiming that the Australian science policy in the early 1990s made a mistake by introducing output based funding. According to Butler, the policy stimulated researchers to publish more but at the same time less good papers, resulting in lower total impact of Australian research compared to other countries. We redo and extend the analysis using longer time series, and show that Butlers’ main conclusions are not correct. We conclude in this paper (i) that the currently available data reject Butler’s claim that “journal publication productivity has increased significantly… but its impact has declined”, and (ii) that it is hard to find such evidence also with a reconstruction of her data. On the contrary, after implementing evaluation systems and performance based funding, Australia not only improved its share of research output but also increased research quality, implying that total impact was greatly increased. Our findings show that if output based research funding has an effect on research quality, it is positive and not negative. This finding has implications for the discussions about research evaluation and about assumed perverse effects of incentives, as in those debates the Australian case plays a major role.
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| 5. |
- van den Besselaar, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Science policy through stimulating scholarly output. Reanalyzing the Australian case
- 2016
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Ingår i: STI2016 - Proceedings of the 21ST international conference on science and technology indicators. - : UNIV POLITECNICA VALENCIA. - 9788490485194 - 8490485194 ; , s. 531-540
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a long standing debate about perverse effects of performance indicators. A main target is science policy using stimulation of output as instrument. The criticism is to a large extent based on a study of the Australian science policy in the early 1990s. Linda Butler studied the effects and argued that the effect was an growth of output, but also a decrease of average quality of the output. These results have been cited many times. In this paper we reanalyze this case and show that the analysis of Butler was wrong: the new Australian science policy did not only increase the output of the system, but also the quality went up. We discuss the implications.
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| 6. |
- Appelgren Heyman, Frej, et al.
(författare)
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Can we rely on text originality check systems? : Evaluation of three systems used in higher education and suggestion of a new methodological test approach
- 2012
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Ingår i: 5th International Plagiarism Conference Proceedings & Abstracts 2012. - Newcastle GB : Iparadigms Europe Ltd. - 9780957311503
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the reliability of three originality check systems from the university teacher's perspective. It also describes a method for evaluating this type of systems. The three systems are examined with respect to the time used for the search, the ability to find plagiarism and the layout of the similarity report. The study was conducted in conjunction with the national procurement of a new national agreement for originality check systems and a Swedish higher education institution choice of a new system. The background is the teachers' use of the originality check system as part of the pedagogical efforts to prevent plagiarism and detect suspected fraud. The study does not discuss the whole plagiarism issue in higher education. Instead it focuses on the method used for the evaluation of and comparison between systems. Over 68,000 words from 167 plagiarized references, from different sources and subject areas were used to test the systems. The results show that systems can find only a portion of the plagiarized texts that were sent in to the systems for control and that there are major differences between the capabilities of the systems. 20, 63 and respectively 84 of the 167 references were indicated as plagiarism. Turnitin conducted searches of up to five minutes while the other two systems sometimes took considerably more time for the analysis. The investigation of the originality reports´ interface revealed that factors the evaluators considered differed between these systems. This disclosed that the reports can be more or less difficult to interpret. We can therefore not solely rely on the originality check system´s reliability. Consequently this leads to the conclusion that other educational activities should be emphasized as a much needed complement in the work of preventing and detecting fraud in the form of plagiarism
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| 7. |
- Heyman, Ellen Tolestam, et al.
(författare)
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Improving Machine Learning 30-Day Mortality Prediction by Discounting Surprising Deaths
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Emergency Medicine. - Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier BV. - 0736-4679 .- 1090-1280. ; 61:6, s. 763-773
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Machine learning (ML) is an emerging tool for predicting need of end-of-life discussion and palliative care, by using mortality as a proxy. But deaths, unforeseen by emergency physicians at time of the emergency department (ED) visit, might have a weaker association with the ED visit.OBJECTIVES: To develop an ML algorithm that predicts unsurprising deaths within 30 days after ED discharge.METHODS: In this retrospective registry study, we included all ED attendances within the Swedish region of Halland in 2015 and 2016. All registered deaths within 30 days after ED discharge were classified as either "surprising" or "unsurprising" by an adjudicating committee with three senior specialists in emergency medicine. ML algorithms were developed for the death subclasses by using Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM).RESULTS: Of all 30-day deaths (n = 148), 76% (n = 113) were not surprising to the adjudicating committee. The most common diseases were advanced stage cancer, multidisease/frailty, and dementia. By using LR, RF, and SVM, mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) of unsurprising deaths in the test set were 0.950 (SD 0.008), 0.944 (SD 0.007), and 0.949 (SD 0.007), respectively. For all mortality, the ROC-AUCs for LR, RF, and SVM were 0.924 (SD 0.012), 0.922 (SD 0.009), and 0.931 (SD 0.008). The difference in prediction performance between all and unsurprising death was statistically significant (P < .001) for all three models.CONCLUSION: In patients discharged to home from the ED, three-quarters of all 30-day deaths did not surprise an adjudicating committee with emergency medicine specialists. When only unsurprising deaths were included, ML mortality prediction improved significantly.
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| 10. |
- Hosseini, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Zoospore chemotaxis of closely related legume-root infecting Phytophthora species towards host isoflavones
- 2014
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Ingår i: Plant Pathology. - : Wiley. - 0032-0862 .- 1365-3059. ; 63, s. 708-714
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phytophthora niederhauserii, P.pisi, P.sojae and P.vignae are closely related species that are pathogenic to various legume plants. While P.sojae and P.vignae are reported to specifically infect soybean and cowpea, respectively, P.pisi is reported to attack pea and faba bean. Phytophthora niederhauserii is considered to have a broad host range. Zoospores of some Phytophthora species are chemotactically attracted to the isoflavones that are secreted by their host plants. The focus of the current study was to determine the chemotaxic behaviour of zoospores from closely related legume-root infecting Phytophthora species and to investigate the correlation, if any, to host preference as determined by greenhouse pathogenicity tests. The results showed that P.sojae and P.vignae were attracted to the non-soybean isoflavone prunetin as well as to the soybean isoflavones genistein and daidzein, which is in contrast with their host specificity on soybean and cowpea, respectively. On the other hand, P.pisi and P.niederhauserii were only attracted to prunetin, previously reported to be produced by pea, but not to the isoflavones associated with the non-host soybean. The lack of responsiveness to genistein and daidzein in P.pisi may represent a recent adaptation to the host specialization towards pea. However, the affinity of P.niederhauserii to prunetin shows that this trait can also be present in taxa not specifically associated with legume hosts.
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