| 1. |
- Khain, A. P., et al.
(författare)
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Representation of microphysical processes in cloud-resolving models: Spectral (bin) microphysics versus bulk parameterization
- 2015
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Ingår i: Reviews of Geophysics. - 8755-1209. ; 53:2, s. 247-322
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most atmospheric motions of different spatial scales and precipitation are closely related to phase transitions in clouds. The continuously increasing resolution of large-scale and mesoscale atmospheric models makes it feasible to treat the evolution of individual clouds. The explicit treatment of clouds requires the simulation of cloud microphysics. Two main approaches describing cloud microphysical properties and processes have been developed in the past four and a half decades: bulk microphysics parameterization and spectral (bin) microphysics (SBM). The development and utilization of both represent an important step forward in cloud modeling. This study presents a detailed survey of the physical basis and the applications of both bulk microphysics parameterization and SBM. The results obtained from simulations of a wide range of atmospheric phenomena, from tropical cyclones through Arctic clouds using these two approaches are compared. Advantages and disadvantages, as well as lines of future development for these methods are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Gultepe, Ismail, et al.
(författare)
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A review on ice fog measurements and modeling
- 2015
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Ingår i: Atmospheric research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-8095 .- 1873-2895. ; 151, s. 2-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rate of weather-related aviation accident occurrence in the northern latitudes is likely 25 times higher than the national rate of Canada. If only cases where reduced visibility was a factor are considered, the average rate of occurrence in the north is about 31 times higher than the Canadian national rate. Ice fog occurs about 25% of the time in the northern latitudes and is an important contributor to low visibility. This suggests that a better understanding of ice fog prediction and detection is required over the northern latitudes. The objectives of this review are the following: 1) to summarize the current knowledge of ice fog microphysics, as inferred from observations and numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, and 2) to describe the remaining challenges associated with measuring ice fog properties, remote sensing microphysical retrievals, and simulating/predicting ice fog within numerical models. Overall, future challenges related to ice fog microphysics and visibility are summarized and current knowledge is emphasized.
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| 3. |
- Buehler, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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A concept for a satellite mission to measure cloud ice water path, ice particle size, and cloud altitude
- 2007
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Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. - : Wiley. - 0035-9009 .- 1477-870X. ; 133:S2, s. 109-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A passive satellite radiometer operating at submillimetre wavelengths can measure cloud ice water path (IWP), ice particle size, and cloud altitude. The paper first discusses the scientific background for such measurements. Formal scientific mission requirements are derived, based on this background and earlier assessments. The paper then presents a comprehensive prototype instrument and mission concept, and demonstrates that it meets the requirements. The instrument is a conically scanning 12-channel radiometer with channels between 183 and 664 GHz, proposed to fly in tandem with one of the Metop satellites. It can measure IWP with a relative accuracy of approximately 20% and a detection threshold of approximately 2 g m−2. The median mass equivalent sphere diameter of the ice particles can be measured with an accuracy of approximately 30 µm, and the median IWP cloud altitude can be measured with an accuracy of approximately 300 m. All the above accuracies are median absolute error values; root mean square error values are approximately twice as high, due to rare outliers.
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| 4. |
- Donini, Lorenzo M., et al.
(författare)
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Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity : ESPEN and EASO consensus statement
- 2022
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Ingår i: Clinical Nutrition. - : Elsevier. - 0261-5614 .- 1532-1983. ; 41:4, s. 990-1000
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Loss of skeletal muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) is common in individuals with obesity due to metabolic changes associated with a sedentary lifestyle, adipose tissue derangements, comorbidities (acute and chronic diseases), and during the ageing process. Co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass/function is referred to as sarcopenic obesity (SO), a condition increasingly recognized for its clinical and functional features that negatively influence important patient-centred outcomes. Effective prevention and treatment strategies for SO are urgently needed, but efforts are hampered by the lack of an universally established SO Definition and diagnostic criteria. Resulting inconsistencies in the literature also negatively affect the ability to define prevalence as well as clinical relevance of SO for negative health outcomes.Aims and methods: The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) launched an initiative to reach expert consensus on a Definition and diagnostic criteria for SO. The jointly appointed international expert panel proposes that SO is defined as the co-existence of excess adiposity and low muscle mass/function. The diagnosis of SO should be considered in at-risk individuals who screen positive for a co-occurring elevated body mass index or waist circumference, and markers of low skeletal muscle mass and function (risk factors, clinical symptoms, or validated questionnaires). Diagnostic procedures should initially include assessment of skeletal muscle function, followed by assessment of body composition where presence of excess adiposity and low skeletal muscle mass or related body compartments confirm the diagnosis of SO. Individuals with SO should be further stratified into Stage I in the absence of clinical complications, or Stage II if cases are associated with complications linked to altered body composition or skeletal muscle dysfunction.Conclusions: ESPEN and EASO, as well as the expert international panel, advocate that the proposed SO Definition and diagnostic criteria be implemented into routine clinical practice. The panel also encourages prospective studies in addition to secondary analysis of existing datasets, to study the predictive value, treatment efficacy, and clinical impact of this SO definition. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism and Obesity Facts published by S. Karger AG. This article is published under the Creative Commons CC-BY license. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Fielding, R. A., et al.
(författare)
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The paradox of overnutrition in aging and cognition
- 2013
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Ingår i: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0077-8923 .- 1749-6632. ; 1287, s. 31-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Populations of many countries are becoming increasingly overweight and obese, driven largely by excessive calorie intake and reduced physical activity; greater body mass is accompanied by epidemic levels of comorbid metabolic diseases. At the same time, individuals are living longer. The combination of aging and the increased prevalence of metabolic disease is associated with increases in aging-related comorbid diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular dementia, and sarcopenia. Here, correlative and causal links between diseases of overnutrition and diseases of aging and cognition are explored.
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| 6. |
- Gultepe, Ismail, et al.
(författare)
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Ice fog in arctic during fram-ice fog project aviation and nowcasting applications
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 95:2, s. 211-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased understanding of ice fog microphysics can improve frost and ice fog prediction using forecast models and remote-sensing retrievals, thereby reducing potential hazards to aviation
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| 7. |
- Hong, Gang, et al.
(författare)
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Scattering database in the millimeter and submillimeter wave range of 100-1000 GHz for nonspherical ice particles
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 114, s. D06201-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The inference of ice cloud properties from spaceborne sensors is sensitive to the retrieval algorithms and satellite sensors used. To approach a better understanding of ice cloud properties, it is necessary to combine satellite measurements from multiple platforms and sensors operating in visible, infrared, and millimeter and submillimeter-wave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The single-scattering properties of ice particles with consistent ice particle models are the basis for estimating the optical and microphysical properties of ice clouds from multiple satellite sensors. In this study, the single-scattering properties (extinction efficiency, absorption efficiency, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and scattering phase matrix) of nonspherical ice particles, assumed to be hexagonal solid and hollow columns, hexagonal plates, 3D bullet rosettes, aggregates, and droxtals, are computed from the discrete dipole approximation method for 21 millimeter and submillimeter-wave frequencies ranging from 100 to 1000 GHz. A database of the single-scattering properties of nonspherical ice particles are developed for 38 particle sizes ranging from 2 to 2000 μm in terms of particle maximum dimension. The bulk scattering properties of ice clouds consisting of various ice particles, which are the fundamental to the radiative transfer in ice clouds, are developed on the basis of a set of 1119 particle size distributions obtained from various field campaigns.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Maskell, Peter D., et al.
(författare)
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Total body water is the preferred method to use in forensic blood-alcohol calculations rather than ethanols volume of distribution
- 2020
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Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - : ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. - 0379-0738 .- 1872-6283. ; 316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the prosecution and defence of drink-driving cases, forensic practitioners are often required to engage in various blood-alcohol calculations, such as whether or not the statutory limit was exceeded (e.g. 80 mg/100 mL, 0.08 g/100 mL or 0.80 g/L). For this purpose, most forensic scientists utilize the Widmark equation, or some modification thereof, to calculate a persons blood alcohol concentration (BAC) based on information about the amount of ethanol consumed and the pattern of drinking. This equation comes in two main forms; one of which incorporates the apparent volume of distribution of ethanol (V) and the other a persons total body water (TBW). In this study, we utilised two independent data sets, one involving the determination of V for ethanol in 173 men and 63 women, and the other TBW determined for 582 men and 884 women. Those subjects included in the TBW group represented various racial groups (Caucasians, African Americans, Hispanics, Asians and Puerto Ricans), with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 17 to 80 kg/m(2). Both versions of the Widmark equation were evaluated in relation to their accuracy and precision in predicting TBW and/or V using the two most common anthropometric equations; those of Watson et al. and Forrest. Both anthropometric equations exhibited good accuracy (<4.3%) for the prediction of both TBW and V. However, the root mean square error was lower TBW was used for prediction (9.09-12.84%) rather than V (11.72-15.08%). Overall, this study has demonstrated (a) that blood-alcohol calculations are more reliable using TBW rather than V (b) that both equations (Watson et al. and Forrest) are applicable to ethnic groups other than Caucasians and (c) the Forrest equation predicts TBW in men and women with BMI from 17 to 35 kg/m(2) and that the Watson et al. equation works for those with more extreme BMI; females (17-80 kg/m(2)) and males (17-67 kg/m(2)). (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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