| 1. |
- Fors Connolly, Filip, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Does Gender Equality Cause Gender Differences in Values? : Reassessing the Gender-Equality-Personality Paradox
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sex Roles. - : Springer. - 0360-0025 .- 1573-2762. ; 83, s. 101-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Gender-Equality-Personality Paradox (GEPP) is the finding that gender differences in personality are at their largest in the most gender equal countries. Previous known studies have not examined this relationship over time. Examining this linkage is crucial to our understanding of gender differences and personality development. In the present study, we contrast evolutionary perspectives predicting a gender divergence in personality due to progression in gender equality against biosocial perspectives predicting convergence. Using data from all eight rounds of the European Social Survey (n = 235,339) across 32 European countries, we report three findings. First, in accordance with the evolutionary perspective, country-level gender equality is positively associated with gender differences in basic human values. Second, in accordance with the biosocial perspective, we find evidence supporting gender convergence in basic human values. Third, contradicting both evolutionary and biosocial assumptions, we find no evidence that gender equality causes gender differences in values. We argue that there is a need to explore alternative explanations to the observed cross-sectional association between gender equality and personality differences, as well as gender convergence in personality over time.
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| 2. |
- Berg, Linda, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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National Identity and Political Trust
- 2010
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Ingår i: Perspectives on European Politics and Society. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1570-5854 .- 1568-0258. ; 11:4, s. 390-407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article set out to test the almost taken for granted assumption that a minimum form of cohesion amongst the members of society is needed in order for political institutions to exist over time. The problem is that it is rare to find any specifications of the content of the national cohesion to be effective. The debate goes from thin to thick forms of cohesion. We aim to test this idea by examining how two forms of collective national identity (ethnic and civic) affect individual political trust in 18 European countries. We conclude that a strong civic national identity has a positive impact on political trust whereas a strong ethnic national identity has a negative impact on political trust. Individual data comes from the European Social Survey 2004 (ESSII).
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Berggren, Mathias
(författare)
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Challenges when Generalizing Psychological Measurements across Populations : Applications in Machine Learning and Cross-Cultural Comparisons
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to ascertain the validity and applicability of psychological theories, models, and measurements, it is important to examine their generalizability across different assessment situations. In this thesis, I examine how the application of measures outside of their initial domain may cause complications. This is applied to two fields where such considerations of generalizations may be especially beneficial: machine learning models and cross-cultural comparisons. Paper I explored whether text-based machine learning models of personality with a broad set of predictors, or models based on a set of more constrained but more psychologically meaningful predictors, better predicted personality in one of two text domains. The former models provided equal or superior prediction in the same domain in which it was trained compared to the latter models, but equally poor or poorer prediction in the other domain. Paper II reexamined the results of an article that, like the cross-cultural studies re-examined in Paper III, found that over time and across states in the U.S., higher gender equality was associated with larger gender differentiation, here in names given to children. Re-analyses showed that there was no such systematic association across time, and that the differentiation across states was confounded with a more strongly associated cultural/language predictor. Paper III re-examined multiple studies that have assessed that association across countries. Here, it was shown that cultural differences, as indicated by cultural regions, other measures such as individualism, and data quality indicators, better explained the variation in differences across countries. When controlling for cultural/language regions, the association with gender equality disappeared or, sometimes, reversed. These results indicate the degree to which different cultural factors are interrelated, and suggests the need for complementary methods. In conclusion, this thesis exemplifies the importance of considering how models and measures may interact with and generalize across situations. This is true whether it supports greater generality or situational specificity of different psychological measures.
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| 5. |
- Bevelander, Pieter, et al.
(författare)
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The religious affiliation and anti-Semitism of secondary school-age Swedish youths : an analysis of survey data from 2003 and 2009
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ethnic and Racial Studies. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0141-9870 .- 1466-4356. ; 38:15, s. 2705-2721
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Not only Swedish studies, but also several international studies, claim an increase in anti-Semitic attitudes in recent decades. As prejudice is acquired in the early years of socialization, and/or is innate and fairly stable over the life cycle, examining adolescents’ attitudes is vitally important. Hence, by controlling for individual demographic and socio-economic background factors, we study two interrelated questions: Has anti-Semitism among Swedish secondary school-age youths changed between 2003 and 2009? Are changes equal across groups, with a specific focus on religious groups? Using two unique cross-section surveys of secondary school-age students in Sweden for the years 2003 and 2009, we try to address the above questions. Our analysis shows, in contrast to the views of the general public and other related studies, that anti-Semitism has decreased slightly during the examined period. Moreover, the study finds a variation in anti-Semitism by religious affiliation: it has increased among Muslim youth, but remains stable in other groups.
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| 6. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-
(författare)
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Anti-immigrant attitudes in context : The role of rhetoric, religion and political representation
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background. This thesis directs attention to how attitudes towards immigrants evolve under different contextual circumstances. Unlike previous research that primarily focuses on contextual factors related to the availability of material resources, the included studies explore the influence of less tangible aspects of our surroundings, brought together under the term immaterial contexts. Three kinds of immaterial contexts are in focus: political representatives’ use of nationalistic rhetoric, the parliamentary presence of the extreme right, and the religious context. The studies examine the direct effects of these contexts, but also how individuals’ beliefs, loyalties, and experiences interact with the contextual factors to shape peoples’ attitudes.Methods. The thesis takes a comparative approach where countries serve as the main contextual unit. Data on attitudes and other individual features are gathered from the European Social Survey 2002-2012. To be able to analyze these data in the same model as used for country-level data, the thesis applies multi-level models.Results. The findings support a theoretical expectation that immaterial contexts influence anti-immigrant attitudes. How people perceive immigrants and immigration can be traced to political and religious aspects of their surroundings. Also, it is found that individuals are not passive recipients of contextual influences as their reactions depend on their preferences and experiences. While political representatives influence anti-immigrant attitudes, these effects are strongly conditional both on features of the representatives themselves, and on characteristics and experiences of individuals. For example, individuals respond to political rhetoric by traditional political parties but are not influenced by the same kind of message if conveyed by a party belonging to the extreme right.Conclusion. The thesis is an attempt to widen the very notion of contexts in empirical research, and as such, it is a contribution to the literature on anti-immigrant attitudes. It shows that anti-immigrant attitudes depend not only on material circumstances, but also on immaterial circumstances tied to the political and religious arena. Further, the thesis demonstrates how combining the theoretical perspectives of group threat theory and framing theory implies greater possibilities to conceive of the link between contexts and attitudes, as well as improved theoretical tools to understand when and why such effects do not occur. It signals that research on immaterial contexts is necessary to further advance the comparative scholarship on anti-immigrant attitudes and reach a deeper understanding of how such attitudes emerge and evolve.
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| 7. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19-induced academic stress and its impact on life satisfaction and optimism : a panel study of Swedish university students between 2020 and 2022
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Journal of Higher Education. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2156-8235 .- 2156-8243.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we analyse the level of and development in students’ academic stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We devote particular attention to students that first entered university in 2020, ‘the COVID cohort’, who had fewer opportunities to integrate in ways that theoretically should mitigate the impact of pandemic-induced disruption to their studies. Using four waves of data, collected 2020–2022, we find evidence of both pandemic and cohort effects among Swedish university students (N = 3138). During the pandemic’s first year academic stress due to COVID-19 increased regardless of pre-pandemic university experience. The stress, in turn, negatively impacted students’ life satisfaction, a factor theoretically linked to key student outcomes like persistence and academic performance but had limited effect on students’ long-term optimism. The COVID cohort expressed higher levels of academic stress and experienced a greater drop in life satisfaction compared to the most senior students (3 years or more), but largely overlapped with students with some university experience (1–2 years). These group differences persisted in spring 2022. Finally, we found that the higher levels of pandemic-induced academic stress in the COVID cohort were mitigated by experiences that foster academic and social integration, specifically by teacher support and social cohesion.
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| 8. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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En attitydfråga
- 2013
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Ingår i: Axess. - 1651-0941. ; :5, s. 46-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 9. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Europa tycker olika
- 2013
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Ingår i: Axess. - 1651-0941. ; :5, s. 50-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 10. |
- Bohman, Andrea, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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How the religious context affects the relationship between religiosity and attitudes towards immigration
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ethnic and Racial Studies. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0141-9870 .- 1466-4356. ; 37:6, s. 937-957
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article approaches two shortcomings in previous research on religiosity and prejudice: (1) the lack of cross-country comparative studies; and (2) a failure to consider any moderating effects of religious contexts. We examine whether the relationship between religiosity and anti-immigration attitudes varies depending on religious contexts in Europe, and we find two things. First, strongly religious people are on average less likely to oppose immigration than non-religious people. Second, different religious contexts moderate the religiosity–attitude relationship in that religious people in Protestant countries and in countries with a low proportion of majority adherents are more tolerant than religious people in Catholic countries and in religiously homogenous countries. State policies also matter in that religious people are more negative where the government favours the majority religion. This calls into question the taken-for-granted understanding of religiosity and out-group attitudes found in the USA.
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