| 1. |
- Forssén, Jens, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Auralization model for the perceptual evaluation of tyre–road noise
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Acoustics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-682X .- 1872-910X. ; 132, s. 232-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to improvements in combustion-engines and use of electric-engines for cars, tyre noise has become the prominent noise source also at lower speeds. Models exist that simulate the noise produced by a rolling tyre, as do models that auralize different traffic situations from basic data. In this paper, a novel auralization method is introduced, with the purpose to enable synthesis of useful car pass-by sound signals for various situations. The method is based on an established model for tyre noise levels (SPERoN) that is combined with a validated auralization tool (LISTEN). In the LISTEN approach, source signals for tyre–road interaction and propulsion are produced from data based on recorded pass-by sounds. In the combined model, the tyre–road interaction data is shaped by the spectra estimated in SPERoN and synthesized back into a pass-by signal. The combined model is made to agree spectrally with measurements for a receiver at 7.5 m distance. Psychoacoustic judgments were used to compare the modelled signals with recorded signals, and the pass-by sounds for a given listener position showed promising quality and accuracy with respect to perceived pleasantness.
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| 2. |
- Hoffmann, Alice, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Auralization of simulated tyre noise: Psychoacoustic validation of a combined model
- 2019
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Ingår i: Applied Acoustics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-682X .- 1872-910X. ; 145, s. 220-227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to improvements on combustion-engines and electric-engines for cars, tyre noise has become the prominent noise source at low and medium speeds. Models exist that simulate the noise produced by a rolling tyre, as do models that auralize different traffic situations from a basic data set. In this paper, an established model for tyre noise (SPERoN) is combined with an auralization tool. The combined model can predict the spectrum of the sound at 7.5 m, as well as reproduce the sound for a given listener position. The auralization uses a methodology where recorded sounds are converted to source signals for engine and tyre/road-interaction. These can be shaped by the spectra estimated in SPERoN and synthesized back into a pass-by signal. Psychoacoustic judgements were used to compare the modelled signals with recorded signals. To see how well the modelled signals match the real recorded signals for perception, two listening-tests were performed. The simulated and recorded signals were rated by pleasantness, loudness, roughness and sharpness using semantic differentials. It was found that responses for simulated and recorded signals correlate for all cases, but rankings could not be reproduced exactly. The model can be further improved to be more applicable for listening tests.
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| 3. |
- Hoffmann, Alice, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Auralization of tyre/road noise based on the SPERoN prediction tool
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of AIA-DAGA 2013 Conference on Acoustics, Meran, Italy, March 18-21, 2013. - 9783939296058 ; , s. 114-117
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The SPERoN prediction tool allows to simulate pass-by spectra for different tyre/road combinations. The goal of this work is to use such a prediction for auralising pass-by sounds, which later on can be used in listening tests. For this a previously developed methodology is applied where recorded sounds of pass-by situations have been recorded monaurally. The recoded signals are then converted to a source signal for the engine and the tyre/road interaction. By this it is possible to shape the tyre/road source term by calculated spectra and synthesize the signal again to a pass-by signal. With the help of psychoacoustic judgments, the modelled signals were compared with recorded signals on a test field with the same tires, roads and distances in order to see how well the auralised signal matches the real signals in perception.
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| 4. |
- Hoffmann, Alice, 1983
(författare)
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AURALIZATION, PERCEPTION AND DETECTION OF TYRE–ROAD NOISE
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to improvements in combustion engines and electric engines for cars, tyre noise has become the prominent noise source at low and medium speeds. Models exist that simulate the noise produced by a rolling tyre, as do models that auralize specific traffic situations from a basic data set. A model that combines both could assist in the planning stage of a tyre by delivering not only estimates of the physical behaviour of the tyre, but also by further making the resulting sound perceivable. Further, such a model could help to design acoustic traffic situations with full control of all parameters. Focusing on that, this thesis has three aims. All focus is on the perception of the sound of a car from the outside, perceived by, for example, a pedestrian. The first aim is to combine an established model for tyre noise (SPERoN) with an auralization tool. The combined model can predict the spectrum of a car pass-by at 7.5 m, as well as reproduce the sound at a given listener position. Psychoacoustic judgements are used to compare the modelled signals with recorded signals. It was found that responses for simulated and recorded signals correlated for all cases, but the ranked orders differed slightly. The second aim focuses on the perception of tyre–road noise and whether it can be differentiated and characterized by its perceptual qualities. When designing tyre sounds, the main aim should be to increase the pleasantness of the total vehicle sound while maintaining the carried information and reducing the sound level. Achieving this requires an understanding of how physical changes in a tyre are reflected in the perception of that tyre. Listeners were asked to judge different tyre–road combinations and their perception in terms of their emotional and psychoacoustic responses. The results confirmed that rolling noise can be perceptually differentiated. The third aim in this thesis was to increase understanding of the parameters that influence the detection of a single car in background traffic noise. For this, both variations in the sound of the test car and in the background (e.g. distance, traffic amount, speed, tyre/engine noise) were investigated and found to influence the reaction time. The introduced auralization method was utilized to generate the sound files for the different traffic situations.
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| 5. |
- Hoffmann, Alice, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Charakteristische Empfindungen bei sinusförmigen Ganzkörpervibrationen
- 2010
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Ingår i: DAGA 2010 proceedings. - 9783980865982 ; , s. 617f-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are many situations were the human body is exposedto vibration, till example in vehicles and buildings.There has been done a lot of work about comfortand health risks. When listening to people who are exposedto whole body vibration, it is noticible that theperception of vibration is discribed differently for differentfrequency regions.There are a lot of words which can be used to describethe different perceptions. The goal of this explorationare the different perceptions of whole body vibrations,depending on the excitation frequency. To achieve thistwo kinds of experiments were done.In the first experiment definitions for the observed perceptionswere collected. In the second experiment thevalue for these definitions was evaluated for characterizingfrequencys.
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| 6. |
- Hoffmann, Alice, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Optimierung der Auralisierung von Reifengeraeuschen basierend auf dem Modellierungs-Tool SPERoN
- 2014
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Ingår i: Akustik und Audiologie - "Hören für alle"; DAGA 2014, 40. Jahrestagung für Akustik "Fortschritte der Akustik", 10. - 13. März 2014, Oldenburg, Germany. - 9783939296065 ; 40, s. 178-179
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Die Auralisierung von in SPERoN modellierten Reifengeräuschen wurde in vorhergehenden Beiträgen diskutiert. Die auralisierten Reifengeräusche wurden in der psychoakustischen Untersuchung ähnlich den entsprechenden Aufnahmen bewertet. Bei einer Frequenzanalyse der Reifengeräusche wurde festgestellt, dass die größten Unterschiede bei Frequenzen unter 315 Hz liegen, welche im SPERoN Modell nicht berücksichtigt sind. In dieser Arbeit wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass ein Teil der Unterschiede in der Wahrnehmung in der Diskrepanz der Signale für tiefe Frequenzen liegt.Um diese Hypothese zu untersuchen werden die Signale aus der SPERoN-Datenbank für Frequenzbänder unter 315 Hz vor der Auralisierung korrigiert. Die Anpassungswerte wurden im Vergleich zwischen auralisierten Signalen und entsprechenden aufgenommenen Signalen ermittelt.Die so erzeugten auralisierten Vorbeifahrten wurden im Hörversuch zusammmen mit entsprechenden aufgenommenen Vorbeifahrten bewertet.Dabei wurden sowohl die simulierten als auch die aufgenommenen Signale den Probanden vorgespielt. Die Probanden sollten die Geräusche auf einer Skala von 1 bis 7 für Angenehmheit, Lautheit, Rauhigkeit und Schärfe bewerten.Für die Attribute ''Angenehmheit'', ''Lautheit'' und ''Rauhigkeit'' konnte eine Verbesserung der Bewertung durch Berücksichtigung der Frequenzen unter 315 Hz erreicht werden. Für die ''Schärfe'' konnte keine Verbesserung erreicht werden.
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| 7. |
- Hoffmann, Alice, 1983
(författare)
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Perception of rolling noise
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to improvements on combustion-engines and electric-engines for cars, tyre noisehas become the prominent noise source at low and medium speeds. Models existthat simulate the noise produced by a rolling tyre, as do models that auralize differenttraffic situations from a basic data set. When constructing a tyre it is of interestif improvements and planned changes are not only physically measurable, but thatthey also can be perceived. Focussing on that, two aims were followed in this thesis.The first aim was to combine an established model for tyre noise (SPERoN) withan auralization tool. The combined model can predict the spectrum of the soundat 7.5 m, as well as reproduce the sound for a given listener position. The auralizationuses a methodology where recorded sounds are converted to source signalsfor engine and tyre/road-interaction. These can be shaped by the spectra estimatedin SPERoN and synthesized back into a pass-by signal. Psychoacoustic judgementswere used to compare the modelled signals with recorded signals. To see how well themodelled signals match the real recorded signals for perception, two listening-testswere performed. The simulated and recorded signals were rated by pleasantness,loudness, roughness and sharpness using semantic differentials. It was found thatresponses for simulated and recorded signals correlate for all cases, but rankingscould not be reproduced exactly. The model can be further improved to be moreapplicable for listening tests. The model has been optimized after a first validation.The second aim laid focus on the perception of tyre/road noise. When designingtyre sounds, the main aim should be to increase the pleasantness of the total vehiclesound while maintaining the carried information and reducing the sound level. Tobe able to do this an understanding of how physical changes in a tyre are reflected inthe perception of the same tyre is essential. Thus, the second aim was to see if therolling noise of a tyre can be both differentiated and characterized by its perceptualqualities. The focus is on the perception of the sound outside the car, perceived byfor example a pedestrian. Listeners have judged different road tyre combinationsand their perception in terms of their emotional responses (pleasantness, activationand stress) and their psychoacoustic responses (loudness, sharpness, roughness, andpitch). The results confirmed that rolling noise can be perceptually differentiated. Itis further possible to differentiate between the effects of the street and the effects ofthe tyre on all emotional and most psychoacoustic parameters. The results suggestthat changes to road surfaces or tyres can affect both emotional and psychoacousticperceptual qualities.
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| 8. |
- Hoffmann, Alice, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Perception of Tyre Noise: Can Tyre Noise be Differentiated and Characterized by the Perception of a Listener Outside the Car?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Acta Acustica united with Acustica. - : Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. - 1610-1928 .- 1861-9959. ; 102:6, s. 992-998
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When constructing a tyre, it is of importance that improvements and planned changes are not only physically measurable, but that they also can be perceived by a listener. Tyre/road noise becomes a more important focus area, especially with the growing market of electric vehicles. In the design of tyre/road sound, there are three main aims: to reduce the overall sound level, to increase pleasantness and to do so still maintaining the carried information about e.g. driving conditions. To be able to do this, an understanding of how physical changes in a tyre are reflected in the perception of the same tyre is essential. In the present study, the aim is thus to determine if the rolling noise of a tyre can be both differentiated and characterized by its perceptual qualities. The focus is on the perception of the sound outside the car, perceived by, for example, a pedestrian. Listeners have judged different road tyre combinations and their perception in terms of their emotional responses (pleasantness, activation and stress) and their psychoacoustic responses (loudnes s, sharpness, roughness, and pitch). The results confirmed that rolling noise can be perceptually differentiated. Further, it is possible to differentiate between the effects of the street and the effects of the tyre on all emotional and most psychoacoustic parameters. The results suggest that changes to both road surfaces and tyres can affect both emotional and psychoacoustic perceptual qualities.
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| 9. |
- Hoffmann, Alice, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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There’s a car coming? - Psychometric function for car pass-by in background noise based on simulated data
- 2015
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Ingår i: Euronoise 2015, 10th European Congress on Noise Control Engineering. - 2226-5147. ; , s. 2417-2421
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- To detect an approaching car in background noise is an important aspect of traffic safety. Therefore itis essential to understand the determinants that makes people recognize an approaching car especiallywhen the cars become very quiet at low speeds as it is the case for electrical cars for instance. Moststudies on the detection of passenger cars in background noise are based on recorded signals. Thisrequires that suitable recordings are available both for the background sound as well as the test sound(i.e. the sound of the approaching vehicle). Due to the limited control of such situations the degreesof freedom to be varied in such experiments is limited as well. In the presented study a differentapproach has been employed. The utilized sounds are based on an auralization method that allowsfor simulating vehicle sounds including both tyre/road noise and propulsion noise. Single car eventscan thus be superposed to background sound with full control of all relevant parameters. The usedauralization method has in earlier studies been validated for giving good perceptual ratings comparedto recorded sounds. The method allows for evaluating the psychometric functions for single parametersand hopefully give a deeper understanding of the perceptual space for a car in background noise. Inthe present study the reaction time is measured for the detection of a car (test vehicle) passing byin the presence of background noise from a road with high traffic flow. The distance between the thepath of the test vehicle and the highly trafficked road is varied. All other parameters (i.e. car-type,road surface, speed, etc.) are kept constant. The study shows that there is a logarithmic relationbetween the response times and the distance between the the track of the test car and the road withhigh traffic volume. At the same time there is a linear relation between reaction time and signal tonoise ratio (i.e. the equivalent sound pressure level in relation to the background level).
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